Financial Management Integrated Case 2 Answers

|Ally Zmijeski | |Financial Management Section C | |Homework 2: Integrated Case Questions | Chapter 2 Integrated Case 2-11A) In a well-functioning economy, capital flows efficiently from those with surplus capital to those who need it in one of three ways: †¢ Direct transfers: occur when a business sells its stocks or bonds directly to savers without going through any type of financial institution. This is used primarily by small firms and doesn’t raise much capital. †¢ Transfers also can go through an investment bank that underwrites the issue, or serves as middleman/facilitator.The company sells its stocks or bonds to the investment bank, which then sells these same securities to savers. Because new securities are involved and the corporation receives the sale proceeds, this transaction is called a primary market transaction. †¢ Transfers can also be made through a financial intermediary, such as a bank, insurance company, or mutual fund. Intermediaries inc rease efficiency of money and capital markets. B) People and organizations wanting to borrow money are brought together with those who have surplus funds in the financial markets.Types of Financial Markets include†¦ †¢ Physical Asset vs. Financial Asset: physical asset markets are for tangible products, while financial asset markets are for stocks, bonds, notes, and mortgages. They also deal with derivative securities whose values are derived from changes in the prices of other assets. o A share of Ford stock is a pure financial asset, while an option to buy Ford shares is a derivative security whose value depends on the price of Ford stock. †¢ Spot Markets vs.Futures Markets: spot markets are markets in which assets are bought or sold for on the spot delivery (within a few days). Future markets are markets in which participants agree today to buy or sell an asset at some future date. Future market transactions can reduce, or hedge, the risks faced by buyers and selle rs if the market changes. †¢ Money Markets vs. Capital Markets: money markets are the markets for short-term, highly liquid debt securities. Capital markets are the markets for intermediate or long-term debt and corporate stocks, like the NYSX. Short-term markets = less than one year o Intermediate term markets = 1 to 10 years o Long-term markets = more than 10 years †¢ Primary markets are the markets in which corporations raise new capital, so the corporation itself receives proceeds. †¢ Secondary markets are markets in which existing, already outstanding securities are traded among investors. The corporation does not receive funds from a secondary market sale. †¢ Private markets are markets in which transactions are negotiated directly between two parties. Public markets are markets where standardized contracts are traded on organized exchanges. C) Financial markets are essential for a healthy economy and economic growth because they provide a variety of opport unities for buyers and sellers to meet, exchange goods and services, better address financial needs, and accumulate wealth to stimulate the economy. D) A derivative is any security whose value is derived from the price of some other underlying asset.The use of derivatives has increased in recent years. If a bank or any other company invests in derivatives, it is difficult to tell whether it is an investment as a hedge against something like an increase in the price of good X, or a speculative bet that prices will rise. This makes the firm’s risk profile more difficult to determine. Derivatives can hedge risk if the price of a good is assumed to change in the future, or if the company is dealing with foreign markets.However, if a company is buying derivatives to speculate on a price change that could ultimately benefit them, this is raising the company’s risk because they are unsure of the future worth of assets associated with the derivative. E) Investment banks help c ompanies raise capital by helping them design attractive securities, buying securities from corporations, and reselling them to savers. Commercial banks are large national banks that offer a variety of services to a wide range of customers.Financial services corporations are large conglomerates that combine many different financial institutions within a single corporation. Most started in one area but later diversified to cover more of the financial spectrum, like including insurance or leasing companies. Pension funds are retirement plans funded by corporations or government agencies for their workers. Mutual funds are corporations that accept money from savers and then use those funds to buy stocks, long-term bonds, or short term debt instruments issued by businesses/government.They pool funds and reduce risk through diversification. Exchange traded funds are similar to regular mutual funds and are often operated by mutual fund companies. ETFs buy a portfolio of stocks of a certai n type and then sell their own shares to the public. Hedge funds are similar to mutual funds because they accept money from savers and use the funds to buy various securities, but they are largely unregulated, have large minimum investments, and are marketed to high net worth people.Private equity companies are organizations that operate much like hedge funds, but they buy and then manage entire firms. They are relatively unregulated. F) The two leading stock markets are the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq. Physical location exchanges are tangible entities that have their own building and an elected governing body called a board of governors. The exchange members will sell orders offer the shares for sale, and they are bid for by the members with buy orders.OTC markets are often referred to today as dealer markets, and include all the facilities that are needed to conduct security transactions, but not all are made on the physical location exchanges. The dealer market system consists of the relatively few dealers who hold inventories of securities and make a market for the securities, the thousands of brokers who act as agents in bringing the dealers together with investors, and the computers, terminals, and electronic networks that provide a communication link between dealers and brokers.G) Since Varga is not purchasing the stock directly from Apple, but instead from Smyth Barry, who probably purchased it from Apple, she is dealing in a secondary market; the money she spends to buy the stock is not going directly to Apple, but to a second party. This would not be different if Varga purchased previously outstanding Apple stock in the dealer market, because in both situations she is not giving money directly to Apple, but buying stock that someone else has bought previously from Apple. H) An initial public offering, or IPO, is the first sale of stock by a private company to the public.IPOs are often  issued by smaller, newer companies seeking the  fu nds to expand, but can also be done by large privately owned companies looking to become publicly traded. I) Efficient Market: a market in which prices are close to intrinsic values and stocks seem to be in equilibrium. Today, we have an efficiency continuum, where the market for some companies’ stocks is highly efficient and the market for other stocks is highly inefficient. This is defined by the size of the company – the bigger the company is, the more analysts tend to follow it, so new information is more likely to be reflected in the stock price.J) Part One: If the stock market is highly efficient, this would imply that the company that received the FDA grant is a large and well-researched firm, so the rise in the company’s stock price is reflective of its true value and would be a good purchase. Still, I would recommend warning Michelle that some companies let information like this leak into the public for hidden reasons, so she should do her own research to ensure the new stock price is close to its true value.Part Two: Oftentimes, stock prices at IPO’s and shortly thereafter are the highest they will ever be for the company. This is a result of the hype created by the company, media, and investing world around its first public offering. I would tell Michelle again to do her own research, but I also think if she is the type of investor who enjoys the risk of a new company and the excitement of that type of investment, that if she understands the potential to lose, she might as well buy a reasonable number of shares.

In Mrs Tilschers Class Essay

In Mrs Tilschers Class The poem â€Å"In Mrs Tilschers Class† by carol Ann Duffy deals with childhood throughout. The theme of the poem is that childhood is a time of fun and learning but also change as we reach adolescence. The poem is about the poets memories of primary as she takes the reader on a journey through being in a classroom to eventually being ready tot go to high school. The readers understanding of childhood is deepened by the use of techniques such as the word choice, imagery and structure.At the end of the first stanza, Duffy demonstrates the fun and joy of being a child. This is depicted in the lines â€Å"A window opened with a long pole. The laugh of a school bell swung by a running child. † Duffy uses the word â€Å"laugh† to suggest a human action which is full of joy and shows the fun of being a child. The words â€Å"running child† shows the freedom of being a child and how it is a time of happiness as children have no worries. Duff y uses quite short sentences to emphasis the happiness of a child.The readers understanding of the poem is deepened further as they realise that childhood is a time where you are care free and have a magical time having fun and learning at the same time. In the second stanza, Duffy demonstrates the attitude of a child and how they are easy to excite and please. This is shown in the lines: â€Å"Mrs Tilscher loved you. Some mornings, You found she’d left a gold star by your name. † The word â€Å"loved† shows the child’s attitude and how they enjoy the feeling of knowing that they are liked and loved by their teacher.When Duffy uses the words â€Å"gold star† it instantly draws the reader in closer as it is something they can relate to as it brings back memories of being a child and feeling proud whenever you got rewarded. The memories and feelings off primary school are emphasised to show how good it felt as a child. The third stanza starts to show the changes as you get older, as you start to realise that things aren’t as simple as they used to be. The lines that show this are: â€Å"A rough boy told you how you were born. You kicked him, but stared at your parents, appalled, when you got back home. Duffy uses â€Å"A rough boy† to show how she thinks boys are disgusting and isn’t interested in them yet. The last sentence shows that now that she knows this, she has lost all her innocence. The reader becomes aware of the changes we go through from being a innocent child and thinking that everything is sugar ‘N’ spice and everything nice, to learning things about ourselves and the world that seems so wrong and out of place from what we are used to. The final stanza shows the changes in ourselves as we reach adolescence and how we cant wait to grow up.This is depicted in the lines: â€Å"You ran through the gates, impatient To be grown, as the sky split open into A thunderstorm. Duffy illustr ates the impatience and desire to grow up into a teenager. The word â€Å" thunderstorm† is used as a metaphor to show adolescence as it wont be a smooth ride, it will be full of bumps along the way. The readers understanding of growing up is deepened in this final stanza as it shows how we all want to grow up and how it is an amazing time for us. Megan Mackie

Anaesthetic care

Anaesthetic care In the following text I the author will provide an account of the anaesthetic care given to a paediatric patient in my care during a surgical procedure to repair her cleft palate. I will discuss the rationale behind the chosen anaesthetic technique and will analyse why the method was identified as the most suitable backing the findings up with related literature. The text will explore the care given to the patient and the preparation needed to ensure a safe procedure starting from the pre-assessment visit right to the anaesthetic room looking at the roles of some of the multi disciplinary team members involved in the child’s care. An episode of care for any individual patient is a complex series of interactions that make up the process of care. The recipient of this anaesthetic care is an 8-month-old female, who, as patient confidentiality forbids the use of her real name (NMC 2002a) shall be known as Eve. Eve was born at 41 weeks gestation, during a routine prenatal scan at 23 weeks gestation an abnormality of her facial structure was noted, her parents were informed of this and counselling and advice was offered. The extent of the abnormality was not seen until Eve was born. She was born with a unilateral cleft lip and palate, which is were there is a single cleft of the lip, and the hard, and soft palate are also divided (Shprintzen and Bardach 1995) but was otherwise fit and well. In accordance to Watson et al 2001 clefts of the lip and palate may be isolated deformities or may be a part of a syndrome. Eve has not been diagnosed with a syndrome there for this is an isolated deformity. Watson (2001) suggests that non-syndromic clefts are multi-factorial in origin and could occur due to gene involvement, various environmental factors or embryo development in relation the mothers life choices during pregnancy i.e. excessive alcohol, drug abuse etc. Eve had previously undergone the first stage of the surgery, which was a repair to her cleft lip. This is done between the ages of two and four months within our trust. This is mainly due to cosmetic reasons but also to encourage oral feeding and sucking and to encourage the tissues to grow at the same rate as the child’s facial structure (Watson Et al, 2001). Eve was admitted to hospital the day prior to her surgery. Eve’s mother had requested this rather than attending pre-admission clinic as she had problems with transportation to the hospital. This highlights good communication (Department of Health, 2003) between the nursing staff and Eve’s mother, which is of benefit to both the child and the family’s needs (Clayton, 2000). The Department of Health (1989) states that the welfare of the child is paramount, however Smith and Daughtrey (2000) believe that it is also important to ensure that parental needs are also met. Wong (1999), states that good family centred care is considerate of all family members’ needs and not only the needs of the child. The initial assessment of Eve involved her primary nurse, Eve and her mother Joanne. The cleft palate pathway was used as assessment aid and highlighted any needs that Eve and her family had. The anaesthetist (Dr A) then examined Eve and was able to explain the procedure to Eve’s mother. This meeting with Dr A provided Eve’s mother with both verbal and written information therefore equipping the family with knowledge and support (Summerton, 1998).

The US Dollar will lose its status as the world's reserve currency Term Paper

The US Dollar will lose its status as the world's reserve currency within the foreseeable future - Term Paper Example 8 Gilpin, R. & Gilpin, J. M. International economics: in the age of globalization. USA: Orient Blackswan, 2001. 8 Mankiw, N. G. Principles of Economics. USA: Cengage Learning, 2008. 8 Introduction US Dollar had historically been one of the sturdiest of all currencies around the world. Post World War II, when almost all nations around the world were suffering from dwindling resource endowments, they jointly decided to frame a monetary policy which would tie their respective national currencies with the US Dollar. Such a policy was set in order to strengthen the feeble currencies through tying the rates at which they could be exchanged. However with the passage of time, the stability feature assigned with the US dollars is reckoned to fade away especially after the inception of the Euro zone during late 1990s and after the economy was victimised by the subprime crisis. At present there are many claimants of the fact that the US dollar is about to lose its value as a stable reserve curr ency. Purpose of the present paper will be to enlist the arguments posed in favour of the aforementioned assertion. US Dollar is losing its status as the world’s reserve currency Euro had been getting closer to the US Dollars in terms of bank note circulation. Since its inception during the latter years of 1990s, the currency is found to be soaring high in terms of popularity especially among the Asian nations where almost two-thirds of total Euro bank notes in circulation are concentrated. The table alongside displays ample information to establish Euro is fast surpassing Dollars in terms of its circulation. To emphasise, stock of Euro has increased by 7 percent between 1999 and 2003 while that of Dollars has receded by 6.7 percent between 2001 and 2006. The diagram alongside shows the extents to which different foreign reserves are found to be growing over the years. Growth in Euro is witnessed as reaching a peak during 2002 and exceeding the corresponding rate for US Dolla rs (Becker 3). â€Å"With the creation of the euro in 1999, and the growth of the US external debt and current account deficits since then, the economic appeal of the dollar as an international currency has become less distinctive† (Helleiner, 367). In fact, during the post Euro era, the position of US dollar has been fast depreciating owing to the fall in its store of value and liquidity. A downfall in the degree of liquidity of the currency accounts for the huge sums of US Dollar reserves that East Asian nations reserve had been maintaining in their reserves; this specifically is the reason behind a fall in the US Dollar circulation (Helleiner, 368). Prior to the introduction of Euro, US Dollars assumed the topmost position in the international arena. This was primarily due to the existence of distinct currencies throughout Europe that transaction via US Dollars was associated with a certain degree of economies of scale. However, after Euro was introduced to the world, a ch unk of the world’s important foreign market came to be expressed in terms of Euro and thus, US Dollars lost the economies of scale they used to enjoy previously. An important reason why US Dollars has been diminishing in value in comparison to Euro is that, the latter now represents a chunk of the European continent. This chunk now symbolizes a large unit of the entire global market which is found to be beating that of USA even. Hence, in most of the cases, commodities and services which are available in both markets are denominated in terms

Lufthansa case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lufthansa - Case Study Example The company uses internet ticket booking, instead of the traditional agents located in the company’s operational strongholds (Davies 2010, 41). Internet ticketing has been touted as one of the cost drivers in most of the service industry. It is ineffectual to use agencies in the current market trends owing to various reasons, as highlighted in market dynamics. The involvement of agencies means that there has been a good relationship between Lufthansa Airlines and their clients, a third party. For that reason, it will call for a reduction of their profits to sustain the agents in the supply chain. It is thus advisable to deal directly with customers through internet ticket booking. Security concerns such as cybercrime are synonymous with all sorts of online transactions. In the main, they are initiated by people who need to hijack people’s business trails. All the same, in the long term, this is a sustainable business model for Lufthansa Airlines (Davies, 2010, 72). Comparison of the industry wages with those of Lufthansa Airlines show a noticeable gap. This is because of the initiative to hire fewer workers in their teams. As a result, Lufthansa Airlines has managed to offer competitive remuneration to employees, at the same time saving on the resulting

The Role of Iron in Attenuating Tooth Deterioration Coursework

The Role of Iron in Attenuating Tooth Deterioration - Coursework Example onally, it is a transmissible, multifactorial, and dietobacterial disease, and the presence of iron in the diet plays a role in the clinical and development features of the infection. Despite the fact that this disease is complex and as such a grave threat to toddlers, it is preventable. From their research, the authors were able to deduce that those with low serum iron content had a higher risk of having dental caries. According to the article, ECC is generally believed to be directly related to the establishment of S. mutans in the early stages of tooth deterioration. In this, iron has an inhibitory role, which prevents the growth of the microorganism, thus, preventing tooth deterioration. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the authors suggest that there is a need to assess the level of iron in children with ECC. Schroth, Robert, Levi, Jeremy, Kliewer, Eleonore, Friel, James  and   Moffatt, Michael. "Association between iron status, iron deficiency anemia and severe ealry childhood caries: a control study." BMC, (2013): 13:22. Similarly, from the research by Schroth et al. (13-22), one is able to deduce the role of iron in attenuating teeth deterioration. In their article, the authors noted that tooth decay generally affect the well-being of children. They noted this through their studies that included the assessment of differences in regard to the nutritional status between children with and those without Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC). From their finding, which young children with S-ECC have a low ferritin status compared to those with no caries. Additionally, they reported that children with S-ECC are characterized with low haemoglobin level than those who are dental caries-free. The former had a high level of iron deficiency as compared to those children who are cavity free. In regard to the above, it is important to note that in most cases low hemaglobin is considered a sign of low iron levels in the blood leading to anemia. With the above

Learning and innovation in supply chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Learning and innovation in supply chains - Essay Example The entire process of supply chains is highly complex but there are a few factors that affect their viability the most. It is an evolutionary process that requires continuous adaptability, flexibility and innovation. Supply chains are something that cannot be maintained with monotonous routine and neither can they function on the basis of past performance or success alone. The contemporary trends of rival companies, and knowledge and insight gained from past lessons of success or failure, and the resulting innovation in supply chains keeps companies alive. Thus, learning and innovation is fundamental to company survival and supply chain viability. Knowledge development may enhance supply chains to a great extent and increase the effectiveness of the entire system of the supply chains ranging from production up till delivery to the end consumer. In the age of competition, companies strive to speed up their production and make quick deliveries via their supply chains without compromising on their quality. Consumers now enjoy the numerous alternatives of their required products and services and they prefer speedy deliveries. Thus, the competition between rival companies is not only based on quality but on timely deliveries as well. â€Å"Thus, fast cycle time facilitates increased market share, as well as lower overhead and inventory costs.† (Hult, Ketchen, Jr., & Slater, 2004) ... ion activities, information distribution activities, and shared meaning—and cycle time.†(2004) It is highly essential for companies, especially their management and decision- makers to learn continuously about the changing trends of consumer market and how they affect supply chains. The expectations of consumers from supply chains like timely-delivery should be studied in depth, so as to incorporate achieved memory in developing strategies of companies. Achieved memory should be in no way considered as the final word- rather, knowledge acquisition activities should be continuously carried out to compete with the rival companies and to retain market share. Timely delivery also ensures maximum market share and profit. Consumers obviously prefer spending their money on such products and services that save their time. By gaining consumer trust through timely deliveries, companies can eye big shares in market. This type of a conclusion can be reached after investigating thoro ughly the effects of timely-delivery on consumer market. â€Å"Said differently, the more knowledge chain members possess, the greater their awareness that additional knowledge can ultimately enhance outcomes.† (Hult, Ketchen, Jr., & Slater, 2004) All chain members should be involved in the learning process so as to make the entire process smooth and fast. As all members shall benefit from the enhanced outcomes, therefore the learning process should be shared by all. Increased levels of awareness lead to effective running of the supply chains and this can be achieved only through continuous learning. The acquisition of knowledge must be conveyed to all concerned departments/firms involved in supply chains- such activities are also known as information distribution activities. Information distribution

BSC (Hons) Social Work. Cross-Cultural Perspectives on society Essay

BSC (Hons) Social Work. Cross-Cultural Perspectives on society - Essay Example use practitioners and clients no longer speak the same language nor do they share similar/comparable cultural references and worldviews (Hawkins, Fook and Ryan, 2001). From an ethical perspective, multiculturalism has made negotiations through the ethical minefields of social work all the more treacherous. Suffice to say, as Bisman (2004) points out, the contemporary British social worker can no longer be guided by the ethical guidelines which inform professional British social work but needs to adopt a more universal, a-cultural ethical approach which acknowledges and respects the ethnic/cultural ethics of clients. From the theoretical perspective, this means that not only is a more multicultural professional ethics guideline required but that interventions strategies which address the challenges posed by the increasingly cross-cultural nature of the practice need to be developed (Walker, 2001; Scourfield, 2002). Not only has multiculturalism complicated the work of the British social worker from all of the theoretical, ethical and cultural perspectives, but contemporary social worker can find him/herself in a position wherein legal restrictions and regulations clash with professional duties and obligations. Given that since 1998 population and demographic changes across Britain were a direct result of the inflow of refugees and asylum seekers (Rees and Boden, 2006), social workers often find themselves in a situation wherein both their professional ethics and training dictate the imperatives of their extending help to members of this group while the law effectively constrains their ability to do so. In other words, considering that likelihood of the British social worker’s having, not only to counsel and help an ethnically diverse clientele but both refugees and asylum seekers as well, the chances of coming into contact with illegal immigrants who, despite their status are in dire ne ed of help, are high. As I discovered through personal professional

EPS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EPS - Essay Example All in all, Pinterest provides a healthy, interactive platform where buyers and sellers interact via pictures which are indeed more powerful than words. Also, the team at Pinterest can get a hands-on understanding of the customers who use it which it can use in future to generate useful customer insights for businesses. It can, therefore, become a powerful customer database where customers’ tastes, preferences, buying habits, lifestyle and personality can be examined through the content they upload (Falls). The next potential big thing is Dropbox. The reason why it is considered the next big thing is that they are profitable. The company started by the provision of a paid cloud storage service and with the growing number of subscribers, it is increasingly likely that individuals will surpass the storage limit which shall enable the company capitalize on its premium paid service (Barret). A major reason why it is likely to become a big hit is that it is enabling users meet their storage needs in today’s multi device world. Considering how devices have become disposable and users switch to a new device each year, it allows customers to have a wireless, virtual, safe backup of all their data. Finally, the new virtual marketplace – TaskRabbit, according to me, shall also be a big hit. The platform allows time starved consumers to get people to work for themselves through just a few clicks. The company is gradually expanding its market in order to avoid the chicken and egg issue. It will be particularly useful for organizations that do not have a minute to spare for daily errands. TaskRabbit’s system is very well organized which is demonstrated by their targeted city-wise marketing

Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paper 2 - Essay Example Madison talks about unity, a united country with united people, common interests, decisions, thinking and arguments. He states up to the extent. The main advantage of having a country under one body is the representatives selected are refined through a lot of people (and a lot of people deciding to cast a vote for the same person cannot be wrong). Such a medium of chosen bodies are the best in wisdom and may best discern and distinguish the true interest of the country. It would be more consonant and publically good to hire people who could translate their thinking and mind-set on a broader scale. The number of the elected representatives should not be increased as selection of a lot of people brings about trouble and selection of a few results in a disaster. You get and elect trained and practiced people who decide for your future thus taking the country to a new direction the best part about such a structure is that no one can dawn upon the other, that means no bullying can be done and no tyrant can be sustainable. Also they cannot just do wrong as they are the centre of attention of a lot of people and their every movement is being recorded. 2. Anti- Federalist paper: Brutus Brutus in the article Anti- Federalist paper states that there should be thirteen different states with an individual executive and judiciary. There shouldn’t be a single state platform forming a set of rules being enforced on the citizens irrespective of what they want and how they want. One body should not have the power to decide the future of a million people without having consent with the people would be facing the outcomes. The constitution is not a good thing in an individuals’ interest as it is aimed for a lot of people and does not cater at an individual level. A constitution for a country does not focus and target an individuals’ interest and rights. The government is a subversion of liberty by applying principles, rules and regulations, and tyrannical atr ocities; they forget who voted for them for what reason. They do not care about the people who elected them and made them the representatives of the country and apply restrictions and more rules and principles and enforce them throughout the country. It’s all about their own interests, nothing about the human nature, it’s about them when they are elected and they are chosen to be the representatives. A free republic cannot exceed to such an immense extent. They need to have subordinates who could cater every other individual and could have the info and thee details about a certain person, his problems and should be formulating or devising a solution. They have large fortunes and less moderation towards people and their interests. No time for individual district, it’s all about the country and the bodies organizing, maintaining and showing interests about them; people come in the end. They gratify their own interests and ambitions and forget that they have been e lected by these people who are (in that scenario), being betrayed. He further states that the country have independent states deciding their own future and knowing and caring about each n every group. 3. Comparison: The comparison here is of the

Critical Issues In Policing Essay Example for Free

Critical Issues In Policing Essay Abstract There is an abundance of issues when concerning policing. In this paper the following things will be discussed: the dangers of policing, less-than-lethal-weapons, technology used in policing, and police corruption and how it relates to this paper. Critical Issues in Policing Policing has grown in possibly the most positive and beneficial direction since the beginning of time. It is a constant grueling and agonizing pace at some times but in all reality that is what makes it even more beneficial because the officers, supervisors and the community are taking their time in making sure they are establishing a proper balance of needs. In all of this time they have continually figured out ways to reduce crime, protect citizens and the community while putting themselves at the risk of danger and death. As the technology continues to rises as time goes on and the changes in society the law enforcement will become an unpredictable turn of events. The realistic view is that there has been a lot of things to change and keep up with but some of the biggest changes in the policing area have been changes in how they deal with recruitment, gender and racial equality, better education, dangers, technology, less than lethal weapons, and Dangers of Policing While working in or at a job or in a position where you have to protect people or even the whole community, your job will be filled with a huge number of risks and dangers. Policing involves a number of dangers, and the officers that are there to serve and protect face different dangers every  day. Some of the dangers that are an issue in policing are the risk of physical injury and or death of an officer, automobile crashes, the mental and emotional stress not only of the job but of the balance between the job and personal lives. They have to deal with the elements of Mother Nature, with extreme temperature changes which involve heat stroke and or hypothermia. They also have to worry about the lack of proper nutrition, and also the exposure to contagious diseases, such as AIDS or Hepatitis. The final and most severe aspect of most of the dangers in policing is the threats of violence to themselves and their families. I can’t imagine that these thoughts don’t play a r ole in the thoughts of a police officer’s mind every time they get ready to do their job every day, it would also have an effect on how they do their jobs. There really is only one positive that someone can see out of the dangers that these officers expose themselves to on a daily basis. It is with hope and faith that having so many dangers keeps these officers prepared, attentive, and conscious of everything around them and how cautiously and carefully they do their jobs. Looking into the issues of policing we need to help improve officer safety with more effective and possibly even more equipped cars, more effective firearms, and the better invention of less lethal weapons for our officers to use when they are in the streets battling and fighting with criminals. There is no doubt that we also need to have better communication with the entire police force and other agencies, but that will come in time as everything else evolves. I think that another good way to combat the dangers in policing is that our government heads mandate it that no officer is allowed to work the beat alone. Although it is an understanding that extra patrol costs money, there is no single person that can put a price on another person’s safety or life. Driving is a huge concern for officers because not only are they having to concentrate on how they operate a car they are also having to be aware and almost have to predict in some instances what the person next to them is going to do. Now getting to the health aspects of dangers in policing, the reality of this is that the equipment that they wear can sometimes weigh more than most two month old babies and it puts quite a lot of stress on their lower extremities such as hips, knees, and feet. They also get in and out of vehicles up to hundreds of times in one day and so they risk the wear and tear on their joints and tissue. They also have to  deal with people who have various communicable diseases such as AIDS, HIV or hepatitis. They are constantly dealing with people spitting or urinating on them or by them. Part of that health is the mental and physical aspects of it, the job alone can be a hard, tiring and exhausting day to day job, then a lot of these officers go home to another life, a wife, kids, pets all of which demand even more from these people that have just spent hours out there protecting citizens and a community from criminals and terrorists. Less-than-lethal weapons These are weapons that officers use to protect themselves from a distance, they usually use them as a distraction, to disorient or incapacitate a suspect or known criminal. It is not considered to be a deadly weapon although if used in the wrong manner could cause death. There are a variety of options in relation to less than lethal weapons such as chemical agents, electrical weapons, projectile weapons, and pepper spray. It would seem that out of these options a taser is something that is more common among officers and agencies, although this is not a lethal weapon used with force it could cause death or serious injury. Less than lethal weapons are a positive thing for officers to be able to use. If an officer is alone and cannot get control of a person and they are being resistant or violent then they have another option than to just use their lethal weapon. It is a great alternative to a deadly weapon choice and usually helps the officer protect himself just as good in most cases. Without the assistance that officers have with less than lethal weapons most officers wouldn’t feel as secure in certain situations and they can also avoid someone being seriously injured or even shot to death. Technology used in policing When it comes to technology, it is and will continue to be one of the most growing and evolving parts of policing. There are what seem to be millions of types of technology that police officers use are, crime lights, lasers, crime mapping, global positioning systems. (The Future Is Here: Technology in Police Departments, 2003-2014). One example that the officers use is dashboard cameras. These cameras are mounted inside police cars and they videotape images that happen in front of the police car and outside of the  police car, they are not a new form of technology but they are as usual coming out with newer and better imaging and sound recordings and the angles at which they can be set can now be changed to view different angles. The cameras are beneficial to not only help catch criminals but they also have been used to catch police officers that are using criminal behavior. Another example is RADAR/LIDAR-Radar is a system in which they use for detecting the direction or distance, even the speed of objects by sending out pulses or waves that reflect off the article and back to the starting place. LIDAR is the light detection and ranging that is yet another acronym to describe the technology used in LTI’s family of Lasers. This technology allows for more information and communication to be more accurate and instant among police organizations and their police officers, command centers and citizens even. They are benefiting from technology because they have better chances to identify perpetrators through a higher technology base such as AFIS, they also can collect data through the DNA analysis. Police Corruption I think that there is one critical issue in policing that needs more attention and it is about police corruption. Police corruptions are abuses of police authority. (Police Corruption and Misconduct, 2014. There are multiple example of police corruption but one example would be an officer allowing someone to keep trafficking drugs as long as they receive something in return for letting them traffic them across state lines. It has been a part of society since the beginning of time and it will probably find a way and spot into the future of policing. The thing that drives police officers to commit such corruption is usually greed or personal gain. The prevention of corruption is a hard one to deal with, there is always going to be one officer somewhere out there that is going to want more than they have. They are not blamed for doing anything but action on those decisions that they have made when they are tempted by such corruptive things. It is a critical issue because citizens are suppose to put their life and trust in these officers hands and if they can’t make good decisions for themselves then how can one trust they will make good decisions when it comes to the community. Conclusion The best way to improve the concerns we have about safety is to have constant and reoccurring training that way we are keeping our officers up to date about any and all dangers that they may have to deal with in their fields that they go out and work in everyday. I also believe that we have to try and stay ahead of the criminals when it comes to technology; they have the ability to use this as something to better the amount of violence and crime. Without police forces being able to use the same technology we will fall behind on crime prevention and the reality of the situation is that policing will not ever be effective in catching these criminals is we are continually a step behind them. References Police Corruption and Misconduct. (2014). Retrieved from http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Police+Corruption+and+Misconduct The Future Is Here: Technology in Police Departments. (2003-2014). Retrieved from http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?article_id=1527fuseaction=displayissue_id=62008

The Rising Problem of Water Essay Example for Free

The Rising Problem of Water Essay Although water is â€Å"the commonest molecular compound† (Crystal, 1990) there is a rising problem concerning its purity. We can’t reach for the nearest stream and draw water for a drink the way people did before. Today, water is for sale. Water’s scarcity and depletion, lack of sanitation and pollution, inequalities in distribution, problems caused by dam projects, to extravagant use or mismanagement and even cross-border conflict, etc. (Godrej, 2003) account for the crises that governments are dealing with regards to water. Though water is foundational to life, e.g. part of our physical component, and as experts say it â€Å"occurs in all living organisms† (Crystal, 1990), truth is, the world faces a water crisis. Before pointing to big companies/factories and relegate to them the reason for this crisis, we are all delinquent when it comes to the management and the use of water. When one’s use of water is too much or â€Å"beyond the rate† of normal use, the hydrological cycle is being put in danger (Godrej, 2003). The hydrological cycle is so arranged as to allow for replenishing. When there is overuse, replenishing becomes difficult and depletion and pollution follow. Water like those in oceans and rivers, usually have natural pollutants, but only enough to be purified by the natural hydrological cycle. The main culprit for water pollution is man whose human activities are the causes of localized pollution. â€Å"Heavy metals, oil spills, and bacteria,† (Barnes-Svarney, 1996) are all contaminants which are results of human abuses. References 1. Crystal, David. 1990. Water H2O. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia. Cambridge University Press, p. 1285. 2. Godrej, Dinar. 2003. Crisis and challenge. Precious fluid. New Internationalist magazine, volume 354, pp. 9-12. 3. Barnes-Svarney, Patricia. 1996. The New York Public Library Science Desk Reference, p. 472.

Roles Of Women In Hindi Films Media Essay

Roles Of Women In Hindi Films Media Essay Bollywood, the second largest film industry is widely known for its form of creative art. It is a form of art with the ability to entertain, educate, and reflect and shape our sense of who we are and our understanding of the society in which we live. In Hindi films there exists the hero and heroine, however gender hierarchy can be seen and importance is imposed on the male actor. One would agree that the Hindi film industry is male-centric, with limited space for females to be versatile in the character they play. The roles played by the heroine are almost replicated by the same guidelines seen within the Indian society. The Indian society is an influence to Bollywood and is what shapes and defines the roles played by females in films. It has been quoted if the image [of women in the cinema] is submissive or secondary, it is the society who is responsible for it . . . filmmakers, keeping in mind the commercial aspect of films, simply highlight what exists1. The portrayal of women in Hindi films has been stable in correspondence to the norms and values contained in the Indian society. India is known to be a hierarchal society, whether it is religion, northern or southern Indian, all groups of people are ranked according to various qualities. Within gender hierarchy, men outrank women of the same or similar age, and senior relatives outrank junior relatives2. This same concept is taken into the Hindi film industry where more emphasis is created on the male actor. From the beginning of the film process importance is on the male. For example within the internal aspects of film processing the second step is acquisition of leading male role and then followed by female acquisitions3. None the less, females are a priority in films; however their portrayals in films are steady and follow certain guidelines according to the roles played. Indian society has many norms and values, one being the role played by an individual in the society. In Indian society the dominant forms of how women are seen are either as the nurturing mother, innocent wife, the vamp, or the educated modern woman. One or more forms of these roles are always portrayed in Hindi films. With these roles come specific characteristics that are viewed in the society which are then followed and expressed in Hindi films. For example it is considered ideal for a woman in Indian society to have characteristics that include, passive, victimized, sacrificial, submissive, glorified, static, one-dimensional and resilient4. These are the traits that are then brought into the film which not only reflect culture, but also shape culture. India is a religiously complex society with dominancy in the complex religion of Hinduism. In traditional Indian society there were definite and essential norms of behaviour that were usually passed down from previous generations. For example Sita, from the Hindu mythology of Ramayana was seen as ideal woman and ideal wife as she was unwaveringly loyal to her husband and obeys his wishes unquestionably5. Hindi films have achieved this ideal of wifes self devotion. The Indian society is known to be restricted to strict rules and regulations which are to be followed by women. The moral of the Indian society states no independence in women and that she should always be under the guidance of another significant male. For example a female in childhood is subjected to her father, in youth to her husband and after to her children. This interpretation of females can be seen in the film Mother India directed by Mehoob Khan. This film reveals the ideal characteristics of a mother played by Nar gis. At the beginning of the movie it seen that she plays the typical role of a female who is married in an Indian traditional manner. The song Pi Ke Ghar Aaj Pyari Dulhaniya Chali is a significant with the line that states that it is a womens fate to leave home. This applies to the traditional moral of the female being passed on from the authority of the father to her husband who now she must be committed to. This is seen in the character. Dharma referring self-subsistence or a universal law or norm, which applies at the moral, the ritual and social level6. This is another religious and mythological aspect that is inflicted upon women. This is also portrayed in the film through and expressed in the song Duniya Men Hum Aaye Hain. Here the lyrics in the song express that the only honour that a women has in her life is a womens dharma. In context of the movie it states that a women may overcome her struggles but with the conditions that are still expected with the role of a mother. Af ter her husband leaving her she still has hope that he will return and keeps faith and raises her children on her own sacrificing everything she has. This shows the over stress on the love for husband and the duties she has as a mother. It can be seen that in any case, in Indian society the first priority of females is to always keep in mind the norms and values placed on them as females. One may argue that these norms and values have changed within the Indian society with the progression of modernization. However, the lifestyle may have changed in roles of mothers, but the beliefs of the values and norms still exist. For example Kal Ho Na Ho directed by Nikhil Advani is a film set in New York with a modern setting. The role played by Jaya Bachchan shows similar characteristics of a mother which were portrayed by Nargis in Mother India. Jaya Bachchan, also a widowed female in the film experiences many difficulties due to her husband committing suicide. Even though the true reasoning behind the suicide is known by her, the blame is turned towards her by her mother-in-law. However, this does not stop her from being loyal to her husband as she stayed widowed and to the challenge to raise her children and show her devotedness to her husband. Throughout the film we see that she still supports her husband when people including her daughter talk negatively about him. Here she is also in the struggle of raising her children up on her own and sacrifices all she has to raise them and keep them happy. In both Kal Ho Na Ho and Mother India the role of the mother can be seen to be dedicated with the qualities of self sacrifice, devotion, and religious beliefs. If not seen as a traditional woman with traditional values, in Hindi films the female is then portrayed as the vamp or modernized women. Bollywood shows both the traditional and modernity of females, yet tends to portray the modern as immoral and favour the traditional aspects. The vamp is usually portrayed as morally dishonoured person and associated with everything that is disagreeable about the west7. Again this is due to the norms and values seen in the Indian society. In this case women are seen as decorative objects and used for entertainment. Courtesan is another common role played by women which is attended for an arousing effect upon men. These types of roles are usually associated with protagonist character. The female is seen modern and revealing clothes and becomes an object of male desire. In many films with picturization of this role of female is usually seen to be glamorous and captures the females beauty in a sensual manner. An example of this is seen in the movie Sho lay directed by Ramesh  Sippy in the song Mehbooba Mehbooba. Here the female dancer appears very different from the other female lead roles. She is there for entertainment and to add glamour. Her clothes are revealing and she is used for the pleasure of the antagonist. A similar but slightly different scene is also seen in Kal Ho Na Ho with the song Its the time to disco. The difference in this song is that the lead female is in the song but is portrayed with a different characteristic that is not the usual in her role. Here Naina (Preity Zinta) is raised in New York but is a casual girl. In this particular scene the audience sees that her attire is modernized, but not revealing. However, in the song a different perspective of her is seen when she gets drunk. Her clothes become more revealing and her actions are different. This is intended to show how a female may act when they go outside of their boundaries of the Indian society and the consequence of it. Jaswinder (Lilette Dubby ) in the movie is would be seen as the vamp in the movie as her clothes are trendy and she is flirty around men. Not only are women who arent seen in traditional clothes seen as vamps, but also those who dont obey traditional rules. These would include those who are adventurous, independent and have values different from the norms. Thus, women commonly in Hindi films are either the modernized seductive role or the sophisticated tradition Indian women. There are many women in the Bombay film industry. Many have reacted with different opinions on how females are being portrayed. For example quoted from Ayesha Jhulka, an actress: You have to accept the fact that its a male-dominated industry. And you have to accept that basically heroes are given much more importance than the heroineSo its better to accept it and then carry on. You have your own place which nobody else can take. What you can do, the heroes probably cant do8. Another opinion quoted by the actress Shabana Azmi: The one thing that hasnt changed only superficially I think, is in its portrayal of womenI think its a waste if you dont offer them and give them roles that are on par with their heroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I think that would be very interesting, and basically do films that are pro-women8. Lastly. Actress Ritha Bhaduri states: At the moment I think character roles have more to say than the female heroine, actressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦There are very few films that are women-orie nted, or have a women dominating the whole thing8. From these opinions of several actresses it can be concluded that many actresses are aware of the stereotypical roles given to women in Hindi films. They do feel that there isnt much importance given to their roles, but also know that a film without a complementing female role would not do very well in the box office. Even though the roles of females are driven by the aspects in the Indian society, actresses have continued to accept the roles and play them according. As stated previously the main cause for this orientation is due to what takes place in the society. As the Indian society makes different progression a change in female roles in Hindi films will also be seen. In conclusion, the female roles played in Hindi film are very restricted and do not have space for variety. Either they are seen as objects to add glamour and entertainment to the film or they are portrayed with important roles such as mothers but with general Indian societal values that come with that role. The Indian society has a main impact on the portrayal of women in Indian cinema. The Indian society has been shaping the role of women in Hindi films Endnotes: 1 Boot, Gregory D. Making a Woman from a Tawaif: Courtesans as Heros in Hinidi Cinema. New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies, 2007: 3 (http://www.nzasia.org). 2 James Heiztman, Robert L.Worden. India Country Studies. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data, 1995: 235. 3 Class lecture (Vishwanathan 2010) 4 Pattanayak, Saswat. Women journalists in Hindi Films:http://saswat.com/articles/bollywomen.htm. 5 Chap. 5 Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change, by Wimal Dissanayake K. Moti Gokulsing, 79. Trentham Books, 2004. 6 Chap. 6 Indian Popular Cinema: A Narrative of Cultural Change, by Wimal Dissanayake K. Moti Gokulsing, 39-44. Trentham Books, 2004. 7 Wimal Dissanayake.79.2004 8 In Bollywood a guide book to popular Hindi cinema , by Tejaswini Ganti. 187-192: Routledge

Comparing and Contrasting Shakespeares Play Romeo and Juliet and the M

Comparing and Contrasting Shakespeare's Play Romeo and Juliet and the Movie Version "[. . . E]mblems of mafia gang-land hostility: guns, fast cars, and tattoos [. . .]" (Walker 5) are not the usual images found in a Shakespearean play. Baz Luhrmann's 1996 production of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is: [. . .] told in a setting [. . .] that is modern and yet unfamiliar: a world where the youth might conceivably always go armed; a world where love can still be so thwarted and endangered; where the innocence and passion of the protagonists can be so out of step with the current mood. (Hamilton 3) The original drama and the 1996 movie production have more differences than similarities that can be seen in comparing them both. The scenes and the language in the movie are easier to understand than reading the play because of the modern day setting and the conversational use of Shakespeare's language. In the movie, the hatred that is held between the Montague and Capulet families and leads to the destruction of the love that is found between Romeo and Juliet is portrayed more clearly than in the play. The feud between the two families can be seen in the characters and the scenes compared in the play and the movie. In the first act of Shakespeare's play, Tybalt, who is a member of the Capulet family, is upset at Benvolio, who is a member of the Montague family. Benvolio has drawn his sword in order to "keep the peace" (Shakespeare 1.1). Tybalt's hatred toward the Montague family can be seen in the following passage to Benvolio: "What, drawn, and talk of peace! I hate the word, / As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee [. . .]" (Shakespeare 1.1). Samuel Taylor Coleridge suggests that "Tybalt is a man abandoned to h... ...or Why William Shakespeare's 'Romeo and Juliet' Deserves Another Look." Literature/Film Quarterly 28.2 (2000): 118-124. 7 April 2001. . Goldman, Michael. "'Romeo and Juiliet': The Meaning of the Theatrical Experience." Shakespeare and the Energies of Drama. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP. 1972. 33-44. Rpt. in The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. 2nd ed. Ed. J. A. Bryant, Jr. New York: Penguin Putnam, 1998. 160-170. Shakespeare, William. Romeo and Juliet. Ed. Shane Weller. New York: Dover P, 1993. Walker, Elsie. "Pop Goes the Shakespeare: Baz Luhrmann's William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet." Literature/Film Quarterly 28.2 (2000): 132-139. 7 April 2001. . William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Dir. Baz Luhrmann. Twentieth Century Fox. 1996.

Human Cloning Should Not be Permitted Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

     Ã‚   According to Richard Seed, "cloning is inevitable.   If I don't do it, someone else will.   There's no way you can stop science" (qtd. in Kadrey 2001). Depending on one's personal opinion about cloning, human cloning in particular, a quote such as that will most likely either anger a reader or excite them.   Human cloning is one of the hottest topics for debate in society today-the lines are very strictly drawn between those in favor of continuing cloning research and those who are staunchly opposed to it.   Meanwhile, despite public opinion, science trudges on behind closed doors working to clone the first human.  This paper will first provide a thorough, but brief, introduction into the topic of cloning itself, including its history and its mechanisms; then, through a series of carefully thought out points, it will illustrate why human cloning should not be allowed to continue at this point in time. Part A.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The "origins" of cloning are vague and variant from source to source.   It has been suggested that cloning began in 1952 when a team of geneticists removed a nucleus from an embryonic frog cell and placed it into an egg cell from which the nucleus had been removed.   To the amazement of the scientists, a frog was hatched from the egg cell with the embryonic nucleus.   The research was furthered in 1975 when embryologist John Gurdon of Britain attempted to do the same thing with an adult cell.   While his research was not fruitful, it started the ball rolling for later cloning attempts. Research with embryonic cells continued into the 1980s and led to the creation of cloned cows and sheep (Reilly 2000).   Finally, in 1997, scientists were able to take an older cell, that of an adult sheep, and successfully creat... ...."  Ã‚   CNN Online.  Ã‚   29 August 2000:   n. pag.  Ã‚   Online. http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/29/pope.cloning/index.html  Ã‚   12 April 2001. Reed, Susan.  Ã‚   "My Sister, My Clone."  Ã‚   Time Magazine.  Ã‚   19 February 2001:   51. Reilly, Philip R.  Ã‚   Abraham Lincoln's DNA and Other Adventures in Genetics.  Ã‚   Cold Spring Harbor, New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2000. Thomas, Cathy Booth.  Ã‚   "Copydog, Copycat."  Ã‚   Time Magazine.  Ã‚   19 February 2001:   57. "Vatican leads chorus objecting to human cloning."  Ã‚   CNN Online.  Ã‚   18 April 2000:   n. pag.  Ã‚   Online. http://www.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/08/18/vatican.cloning/index.html  Ã‚  Ã‚   12 April 2001. Whitehouse, David, Ph.D.  Ã‚   "Cloning humans: Can it really be done?"  Ã‚   BBC News.  Ã‚   9 March 2001:   n. pag. Online.  Ã‚   http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_1211000/1211136.stm  Ã‚   12 April 2001.

The Technological Tower of Babel: Electronic and Digital Tongues in Media Society :: Technology Technological Essays

The Technological Tower of Babel: Electronic and Digital Tongues in Media Society Works Cited Missing Anticipate the moment at which all your personal electronic devices - headphone audio player, cellular telephone, pager, dictaphone, camcorder, personal digital assistant (PDA), electronic stylus, radiomodem, calculator, Loran positioning system, smart spectacles, VCR remote, data glove, electronic jogging shoes that count your steps and flash warning signals at oncoming cars, medical monitoring system, pacemaker (if you are so unfortunate), and anything else that you might habitually wear or occasionally carry - can seamlessly be linked in a wireless bodynet that allows them to function as an integrated system and connects them to the worldwide digital network. (Mitchell 29) In City of Bits, from which the above quotation was taken, William Mitchell outlines a digitally integrated future which we need only optimistically anticipate. He goes on to discuss the possibility, or perhaps inevitability, of cyborg citizens where digital and electronic devices will extend and enhance human perception, efficiency and overall convenience. However, what is noticeably downplayed in the above quotation is reference to the citizen component of this technological symbiosis. Beyond the nebulous assertion that it will be "you" who will be wearing or carrying these devices, the only element that approximates the notion of a human within this mass of interconnected gadgetry is Mitchell's concept of the "bodynet". But rather than implying that the human body is at the center of a network of technology, this term appropriates a human characteristic and applies it to an inert collection of digital devices. What Mitchell inadvertently alludes to is the fact that as our cybernet ic components begin to communicate with each other, our biological half is increasingly relegated to the periphery of this communication, and by extension, of this new cybernetic existence. If technology is to play the pivotal role outlined in City of Bits, the most important development to come out of the notion of the cyborg citizen may well be the drowning out of the human voice under the increasingly boisterous voice of technology. Although Mitchell's concept of the cyborg citizen may be some years away, the groundwork for the removal of human language has already been laid. Not only does technology circumvent human language through intra-technological communication, it also devalues it as humans become more dependent on technologically mediated language transmission. The telephone, the television, and most recently the Internet and digital technologies deconstruct and then reconstitute human content at reception sites. The Technological Tower of Babel: Electronic and Digital Tongues in Media Society :: Technology Technological Essays The Technological Tower of Babel: Electronic and Digital Tongues in Media Society Works Cited Missing Anticipate the moment at which all your personal electronic devices - headphone audio player, cellular telephone, pager, dictaphone, camcorder, personal digital assistant (PDA), electronic stylus, radiomodem, calculator, Loran positioning system, smart spectacles, VCR remote, data glove, electronic jogging shoes that count your steps and flash warning signals at oncoming cars, medical monitoring system, pacemaker (if you are so unfortunate), and anything else that you might habitually wear or occasionally carry - can seamlessly be linked in a wireless bodynet that allows them to function as an integrated system and connects them to the worldwide digital network. (Mitchell 29) In City of Bits, from which the above quotation was taken, William Mitchell outlines a digitally integrated future which we need only optimistically anticipate. He goes on to discuss the possibility, or perhaps inevitability, of cyborg citizens where digital and electronic devices will extend and enhance human perception, efficiency and overall convenience. However, what is noticeably downplayed in the above quotation is reference to the citizen component of this technological symbiosis. Beyond the nebulous assertion that it will be "you" who will be wearing or carrying these devices, the only element that approximates the notion of a human within this mass of interconnected gadgetry is Mitchell's concept of the "bodynet". But rather than implying that the human body is at the center of a network of technology, this term appropriates a human characteristic and applies it to an inert collection of digital devices. What Mitchell inadvertently alludes to is the fact that as our cybernet ic components begin to communicate with each other, our biological half is increasingly relegated to the periphery of this communication, and by extension, of this new cybernetic existence. If technology is to play the pivotal role outlined in City of Bits, the most important development to come out of the notion of the cyborg citizen may well be the drowning out of the human voice under the increasingly boisterous voice of technology. Although Mitchell's concept of the cyborg citizen may be some years away, the groundwork for the removal of human language has already been laid. Not only does technology circumvent human language through intra-technological communication, it also devalues it as humans become more dependent on technologically mediated language transmission. The telephone, the television, and most recently the Internet and digital technologies deconstruct and then reconstitute human content at reception sites.

Changes That Have Occurred To The National Curriculum Education Essay

‘Since the debut of the National Curriculum in 1992, a figure of alterations have been made to its construction and execution. Identify and explicate these alterations and measure the part of the National Curriculum in the attempt to raise criterions in Education ‘ . By Keith Lyons This essay will depict, place and explicate the alterations that have occurred to the ‘National Curriculum ‘ ( NC ) since its construct in 1992. It will besides measure these alterations and measure the benefits and troubles that it has experienced since 1992. The ‘Education Reform Act ‘ ( ERA ) came into consequence in 1988, this enabled Kenneth Baker the Conservative Minister of Education to implement the roll-out of the National Curriculum in 1992 within primary / secondary instruction. However, prior to 1992 there had been no National Curriculum and antecedently instructors had worked out their ain strategies of work that they deemed appropriate for their students. As a consequence of this the criterion of instruction across the state varied well and the methods employed to learn were wide-ranging. With the execution of the National Curriculum in 1992, duty was shifted off from instructors to centralized authorities over what was to be taught. The National Curriculum established a ‘set-framework ‘ of larning to enable kids to travel freely between schools as they would be larning from the same model. The National Curriculum ensured that schools taught a certain scope of topics, this consisted of 10 topics. The topics were divided into two sub-categories ( nucleus and foundation ) . The three chief nucleus topics were English, Maths and Science, and together with seven other foundation topics ( Art, Home Economics. Music, History, a Modern Foreign Language ( merely compulsory in secondary schools ) , Geography and Physical Education created the foundation of the National Curriculum. Compulsory National trials ( SATS ) were introduced at 7, 11 and 14 on nucleus topics. The consequences are published yearly in conference tabular arraies ( along with GCSE/A degrees and hooky statistics ) . Changes occurred to the National Curriculum from its origin. Rather than being embraced the National Curriculum was met with ill will from some instructors and most of the larger instructors brotherhoods. One of the chief unfavorable judgments of the National Curriculum by instructors and learning brotherhoods was that at first glimpse that it contained far excessively many topics and was considered to be excessively stiff, compared to what was antecedently taught. This meant that it was hard to learn the topic good as the pupils had to larn so many topics, and they presumed that it would be really hard for pupils. The National Curriculum was besides criticized for being highly ‘Eurocentric ‘ , as it was chiefly focused around European civilization, giving those from cultural backgrounds really small chance to larn about their roots. Certain subdivisions of the populace besides argued that the authorities deliberately fashioned the National Curriculum to take topics which they as a political party are against for political grounds, such as sociology, political relations, and environmental scientific disciplines ( they were ne'er contained in the National Curriculum ) . However, a benefit to the National Curriculum was that instructors now had to educate pupils in a scope of topics. This gave kids / pupils a better start for the accomplishments they would necessitate for subsequently in life. It was besides disputed that the national Curriculum helped to cut down the division of misss and boys topics, as both sexes were taught the same topics. This helped to cut down the stereotyping of gender. In 1993, instructors decided to boycott the national course of study proving agreements ( SATS ) after kicking about the work load. The Secretary of State for Education, in a move in the right way asked Sir Ron Dearing, who was the current Chairman of the School Curriculum and Assessment AuthorityHYPERLINK â€Å" hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bookrags.com/tandf/school-curriculum-and-assessment-tf # p2000a9f68830215001 † ( SCAA ) , to reexamine the national course of study. Dearing made an Interim Report in 1993 and a Final Report in 1994 ( The Dearing Report ) after a period of audience with instructors and the instructors brotherhoods. In his study his recommended on slimming down the course of study, and bettering its disposal. He besides recommended that the slimmed down national course of study should non be altered for five old ages and that national trials should be simplified without giving cogency or dependability. The revised course of study was implemented from August 1995. The 1992, Ofsted ( The Office for Standards in Education ) formed as portion of the major inspection and repair and centralization of the school system begun by the Education Reform Act 1988, which introduced the National Curriculum, extended testing in schools and the publication of conference tabular arraies. Ofsted reviews were carried out on school every 6 old ages. This alteration was introduced as it was believed criterions needed to be raised in schools. Many people thought Ofsted reviews were a good thought, if schools were neglecting, it was noticed and steps were put in topographic point in order to better these schools. However, Ofsted were besides frequently seen to be excessively rigorous on schools, doing it hard for schools to go through review extremely. Besides, it was felt that many instructors and schools would better their instruction criterions while they were being inspected. Some schools would besides direct some of their worst behaved pupils on school trips for the reviews. This defeated the object of Ofsted reviews as it was n't the normal instruction criterions that were being tested. Recent reviews by Ofsted have revealed that although a good proportion of schools had improved since they were last checkered many were calming weakness. Figures released by Ofsted in 2009 show that 11 % of schools checked since last September were rated outstanding, while 9 % were non up to rub. [ Angela Harrison, BBC ] In the twelvemonth 2006-07, 14 % of those checked were outstanding and 6 % were â€Å" unequal † . [ Angela Harrison, BBC ] In 1997, the incoming ‘The New Labour Government ‘ came into power in the UK. They Introduced the National Literacy Strategy to all Primary Schools in England from September 1998 after puting marks for students at Key Stage 2 in English ( 80 % ) , Mathematics ( 75 ) , but non in Science. Previously a pilot undertaking had been tested during 1996, which involved schools in 14 Local Education Authorities. The scheme was planned for instructors to learn a day-to-day Literacy Hour, which followed a form of 30 proceedingss whole category instruction, so group work and reasoning with a plenary session. A figure of paperss have been published by the Department for Education and Employment ( DfEE ) to assist instructors raise criterions in literacy at the clip. The National Literacy Strategy model endeavoured to better criterions for all primary aged students. The scheme ‘s intent was to do certain that all students were having on a day-to-day footing dedicated one hr of literacy. The terminal consequence would give pupils the chance to develop accomplishments in reading, grammar, spelling, and unwritten work and assist raise criterions in instruction and acquisition. In the undermentioned twelvemonth of September 1999 The National Numeracy Strategy model was introduced and like the literacy scheme, aimed at raising criterions for all primary students. Similar to the National Literacy Strategy it prescribed a one hr day-to-day mathematics lesson for all students. The Five Year Review in 2000 set out the chief purposes and intents of the National Curriculum for the first clip. The four chief intents of the National Curriculum are: To set up an entitlement. To set up criterions. To advance continuity and coherency. To advance public apprehension. The National Curriculum has been put into topographic point in the hope that kids will accomplish and will hold an entitlement to larning irrespective of their background, be it race, gender, cultural or otherwise.A It besides makes outlooks for kids ‘s attainment explicit for all concerned and sets out national criterions for performance.A These criterions can so be used for mark scene, mensurating advancement and monitoring patterned advance. The Foundation Stage was introduced by the Labour authorities in 2000, to supply counsel for scenes which provide attention and instruction to pre-school kids ( aged 3 to 5 ) . It was named the Foundation Stage because â€Å" †¦ it lays the foundations for kids ‘s subsequently larning. † [ Neaum and Tallack, 2002 ] . It evolved from the Rumbold Report of 1990, which investigated the educational proviso for the under 5 ‘s, and found that there was a patchy, unplanned course of study which was unsatisfactory. In 2004 a reappraisal was carried out of Key Stage 4, from this reappraisal the debut of ‘Entitlement topics ‘ . The Curriculum Entitlement Framework provides students with entree to a wider scope of larning chances suited to their demands, aptitudes and involvements, irrespective of where they live or the school they attend. In 2007 the authorities abolished formal written Key Stage 1 SATS and replaced them with instructor recorded appraisals. The Key Stage 1 appraisals are really low key and completed by the student ‘s instructor over a period of a few hebdomads so they will be barely cognizant that an appraisal is taking topographic point. In 2008 a reappraisal of Secondary National Curriculum resulted in new Key Stage 3 and 4 Curriculum which was introduced in 2009. This updated portion of the course of study now offers Diplomas and other options to current GCSE and A-level scrutinies. In 2009 the so current Labour authorities announces that Key Stage 3 Sats scrutinies are to be abolished and that Sir Jim Rose will be carry oning a full reappraisal of the Primary National Curriculum. The findings of the study will be implemented from September 2011. In May 2010 a general election was held and ‘New Conservative ‘ / Liberal Democrat authorities came to power under David Cameron and Nick Clegg. The hereafter changes to the new primary national course of study which were put frontward by Sir Jim Rose to be implemented from September 2011 have been shelved, the authorities saying that it does non mean to continue with the new primary course of study. Alternatively they are committed to giving schools more freedom from unneeded prescription and bureaucratism. They have ever made clear their purpose to do alterations to the National Curriculum that will guarantee ‘a grim focal point on the rudimentss and give instructors more flexibleness than the proposed new primary course of study offered. The National Curriculum has undergone considerable alteration and development over the past 20 old ages and is still being altered and adjusted at the present twenty-four hours. Controversy still exists as to the attack instruction should follow for those over the age of 14 testing is thought to be to a great extent based on callback of cognition promoting a deficiency of accomplishment development activities. Many of the original topics that were compulsory no longer are, as it was felt the course of study was excessively full. In my sentiment, since the debut of the National Curriculum, I believe that it was the anchor to greatly bettering the criterions of instruction that kids receive in today ‘s society. This is because before the criterion of instruction pupils received was extremely based on category position and was typically biased towards the in-between / upper category households, another factor was your vicinity in the state. Teachers besides taught a scope of topics that they wished to learn as there were no set subjects so what you could be taught varied across the state. This led to many pupils go forthing school with limited cognition. With the debut of the Literacy and Numeracy hours Sats consequences have increased once more of the subsequent old ages but once more now have slowed to a arrest. As seen in the tabular array below. But on the impudent side holding felt that on the whole the National Curriculum is effectual it is besides slightly flawed. Children are ‘taught to the trial ‘ at a hurt to other topics, and so they are losing out on a wide and balanced course of study. Schools and learning staff will besides acknowledge that they are being forced to â€Å" learn to the trial † ; cutting out topics such as history, geographics and art to blow up their place on national conference tabular arraies or else expression as if they are neglecting. The national trials besides distort kids ‘s instruction as they are being offered a restricted timetable as instructors are forced to concentrate on the nucleus topics. In a figure of schools an accent on trials in English, Mathematics and Science limits the scope of work in these topics in peculiar twelvemonth groups, every bit good as more loosely across the course of study in some primary schools. Having said this, the positive points outweighed the negative greatly as it was the start towards the National Curriculum that we presently have today.

Physical Activity

CYPOP 4 Promote late childrens tangible restlessness and feat sk ailments 1. 1 inform why corporeal operation is main(prenominal) to the short and ache term heartyness and well existence of children sensual exertion is most-valu adapted to the short term and long term health and well being of children. In the short term somatogenetic act dishs children to variety muscle, develops the skeletal frame, develops the center of attention and lung enjoymentction and helps prevent obesity. If children flip exuberant somatic activity a daytime which is said to be up to an time of day it back tooth help children get to eternal sleep easier and sleep for longitudinal periods of time.This advise trey onto long term benefits as if the activity is outside it will in addition help to build up a life-threatening immune constitution so they be less probable to fall ill to the common cold or the flu. The outside(a) environment helps the general well being of the c hildren as the outdoors makes them feel let go of which helps their emotional and social study, as it live with into account them to limit bracing skills and develop pledge in p dis range alongside others. In the long term sensible activity helps the children to reach interested in sports and outdoor activities.This is a good embedation to build when the children ar youth because as they get older children and young handsomes start to ferment less active so earliest physical activity is more full for the child in the long term. If when children be young and do non take part in physical activity it is more likely that they will become obese later on in life which in enlistment could check up with them getting more effective diseases such as type 2 diabetes, tummycer or heart diseases, it could too result in girls having osteoporosis later on in life. Physical activity does non mean expense.This could be that you go for walks in the local argona and make it fu n by having skipping/hopping/running races amid lampposts etc and victorious a lummox so you idler call at the local third estate for a kick rough. This could withal contain a nature trip to put on and see things, so children may non realise how far they be going. indoor(prenominal) activities could allow wii fit hour, which I integrated as every child place have a go. There is likewise keepy uppy, which is a stumblebumoon that you pass around so it doesnt touch the blast or musical statues for movement and balance. 1. excuse the development of movement skills in young children and how these skills affect other aspects of development. 89 CYPOP 4 1. 2 In separate to arrive at the physical skills required for the areas in the rover diagram, a mixture of movement skills contend to be acquired in the right order. They include the following Hand- heart and soul Coordination. Many activities require pass on and eyes to work together. To catch a ball, for example, th e brain needs to take culture from the eyes and use it to inform the movements that have to be made with the work force. Foot Eye coordination.Children have to learn to guide their feet. rise stairs and kicking a ball require this type of coordination. Balance. Balance is a complicated skill. Although it is ane that near bulky number take for granted. The ability to balance develops with age, with most children relying on visual input to balance. The development of these skills follows the development of the primal nervous system of rules (principally the brain and spinal anaesthesia cord) in babies and young children. The central nervous system is answer able-bodied for collecting, interpreting and sending out info to all parts of the body.Information is constantly undisturbed via the bodys senses of taste, touch, smell, sight and hearing. This study is in that locationfore transformed into electrical pulses that are carried by the nerves, up through the spinal cord and into the brain. From the information received, the brain then responds and sends out instructions to muscles, glands and organs utilise the network of nerves a impinge on. The whole branch is surprisingly quick, which path the body can take action a agnisest possible danger, for example, a person will instantly force their hand from something that is very hot.In babies and young children the central nervous system has to mature. At origin babies are reliant on the umteen survival reflexes they are born with. These are automatic reactions, but in order to gain concur, the central nervous system has to learn how to interpret and t unmatchable mass these responses. Gaining physical control. The rate at which babies and children gain control over their bodies varies enormously, but it is recognised that there are three key principles that sustain the gaining of control. victimization follows a definite sequence.Movements and control develop in a reliable pattern, which means that babies cannot walk in the beginning atilt to sit unsupported. Development begins with the control of chief movements and proceeds downwards and outwards. Babies prototypical gain control of their head and top of the prickle before other parts of the body. This is design to be a survival weapon as it is important for babies to be able to turn their heads to dedicate. 90 CYPOP 4 1. 2 Development begins with uncontrolled gross motor movements before becoming precise and refined.Babies gain control over their arms before managing to control their hands and fingers. This principle is an important one to remember when teaching children new skills, such as handwriting, as it means that they will need to start do wide letter shapes before development pencils to make much smaller ones. come along HAND-EYE COORDINATION MOVEMENT SKILL 3 months underside find hands and bring to mouth. Looks Kicks legs potently and moves arms. at and plays with fingers Movements less jerky although not coordinated Can lift and turn head from side to side when laying on confront 6 months Grasps objects set out to roll over Pulls up legs with Follows adults movements hands when on back Pushes head, neck and chest of drawers off floor when on front 9 months Bangs objects together Sits up well unsupported reaches out for toys may be crawling or shuffling on bottom 12 months Picks up objects with click and Mobile either crawling, shuffling or forefinger points to objects holds cup rolling Sits up unsupported for long with help periods walks with financial aid tries to crawl upstairs 15 months Holds and drinks from cup with two hands Crawls downstairs feet first Walks Builds tower of two bricks independently seat self in small pass 18 months Threads four large beads Bends down from waistline to pick up objects Turns door knobs and handles Squats down to look at objects, Rolls and Pulls off shoe and hat throw s a ball, Walks downstairs with adult help,Pushes and pulls toys while walking 2 geezerhood Uses a spoon to feed themselves Kicks a ball that is not moving, Climbs Puts on fit out on low climbing frame, Walks up and Builds a tower of 5/6 blocks downstairs confidently 3 long time Uses a spoon and ford, puts on and takes Walks and runs forward, Walks on tiptoes, off coat, Turns pages in a leger one by Throws large ball, Kicks ball forward, one Jumps from low steps, Pedals and steers tricycle 4 Years Buttons and unbuttons own clothing, puts Walks on a line Aims and throws a ball, together 12 piece jigsaw Bounces and catches a large ball, runs changing direction, Hops on one foot, Pedals and steers a tricycle confidently 5 years Forms letters Dresses and undresses Skips with a rope, Runs speedily and is easily, Cuts out shapes with scissors, able to avoid obstacles, Is able to use a Draws round a template variety of equipm ent, e. g. swings and slides, Hits ball with fleet or stick The development of movement skills gives children independence. Over time, they are no longer reliant on adults to physically feed them, clothe them and move them from one place to another. This gives children great confidence and withal allows them to learn because they can now look. Children are also able to use their new found skills to play more challenging games and also play together.The diagram below shows physical skills link to other aspects of childrens overall development. Griffin S 2010 Children and Young Peoples Worksforce foremost Ed Portsmouth Heinemann92 Travel (travelling movements where the child moves from one point to another such as running, jumping, skipping) Object Control (movements such as throwing, catching, dribbling which involve objects being sent, received, travelled with) MOVEMENT SKILLS Balance & Coordination Cognitive Development Much of childrens learning is hearted to practica l activities. This requires movement skills. There seems also to be a link between early physical movements and brain movements Physical SkillsLanguage Development Language develops when there are things to talk about. This is made easier when children can do things or move themselves to explore or see things. It gives them a reason to talk. genial Development Play in childrens early years is quite active rather than language based e. g. playacting in sand, dressing up. Children can join in if they have developed the physical skills Emotional Development Builds childrens confidence. When children can do things for themselves, they are more likely to gain confidence. They can do things how and when they want. Children can also use physical skills to explore themselves e. g. draw, paint, dance

Pestle Zara

cast Analysis of Zara SOE11108 Sources of Competitive Advantage Assessment 1 Group Presentation PESTEL Analysis pic Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Overview 3 3 backup Environment 3 4 governmental 4 5 Economic 4 6 Social 5 7 Technological 6 8 Environmental 6 9 legislative 8 10 Conclusion 8 References 9 Introduction The global app bel merchandise is a consumer-driven intentness. Also, globalization and in the altogether technologies have al starting timeed consumers to have more(prenominal) than access to modality. As a result, consumers are changing, argument is fierce, and companies are evolving to meet these demands.Zara, a Spanish-based range of a function owned by Inditex, is a retailer who has taken a new-made approach in the persistence. With their unique protrudeline, Zara has the warring advantage to be sustainable. In order to make that advantage and growth they must confront trustworthy challenges and face traditional retailers in the apparel industry. So, without delay our group impart analysis the PESTLE of Zara Company. (Lopez & Fan, two hundred9) Overview Zara is champion of the largest international way of life companies and belongs to Inditex, which is one of the largest trend retailers intercontinental.Inditex operates in textile design, distribution and manufacturing. (Inditex, 2011 b) Zara operates in 78 countries largely distributed with 1557 entrepots in the worlds largest cities. (Inditex, 2011 c) The keep company is founded in 1975 by Amancio Ortega, located in Spain and had in 2010 a net sale of 8. 088 million of euro. (Inditex, 2011 a) The have worldwide 1557 stores in 78 contrastive countries. (Inditex, 2011 a) Aim democratise bearing, hold outing latest mould, medium quality and abate price (Lopez & Fan, 2009)Structure customer oriented, satisfaction of consumer collects (Mazaira, Gonzalez, & Avendano, 2003) backing Environment Global textile and c softwoodhing industry (Lopez & Fan, 2009) with 900 billion Euro in 200 worldwide (Ghemawat & Nueno, 2006). of import competitors H&M, Gap and Benetton (Ghemawat & Nueno, 2006) Dynamic and innovative area (Nordas, 2005) High quality way market vs. sink quality products (Nordas, 2005) merchandise in Europe vs. Production in low apostrophize (Nordas, 2005) PoliticalInternationalisation The key drag factors that explain the internationalisation of Zara include Spains penetration into the European Union in 1986, the globalisation of the thrift and thus potential economies of scale, the homogenisation of consumption patterns crossways countries Zaras belief is that national frontiers are no impediment to sharing a single fashion culture and the abolition of barriers to export as well as the development of information technology (Lopez & Fan, 2009). Indian MarketIndia provided open market for Zara as Indian government is willingly to provide foreign enthronization in their country, but Indian Govt. Has their own insurance p olicy which are to be adhered by organizations as Zara organize joint venture with TATA (Shah, 2011). Economic Production non transferred to low cost locations Zara resisted the industry-wide trend towards transferring fast fashion production to low cost countries analogous for eccentric China. Zara states that this gives the greater control as it controls about of its steps on the Supply Chain, designing, manufacturing and distributing of products (CNN, 2001).In the UK 50% of the product Zara sells are manufactured in Spain, 26% in the sleep of Europe and 24% in Asian and Afri groundwork countries clothes with longer shelf life identical for example basic t-shirts are outsourced to low cost suppliers mainly in Asia and Turkey (Business Week, 2006). Zero publicise Policy The most unusual company policy is its no advertising policy. It is worth noticing that Zara competitors rely to a great extent on costly advertising campaigns. However, Zara prefers to invest silver in opening new stores instead (CNN, 2001). manufacturing business of about 11 000 items annuallyThe product range of Zara company is significant. It produces nearly 11 000 items annually whilst its competitors produce however about 2000 4000. Moreover, Zara changes its designs e very 2 weeks which encourages customers to repeated visits and builds the strike out loyalty. An bonnie gritty street store in Spain expects customers to visit three ms a division. It is 17 judgment of convictions for Zara. (The Guardian, 2002). Shortening Product Life steering wheel Additionally, Zara needs just 2 weeks to design a new product and get it to the stores whilst industry average is 6 months (Business Week, 2006).To sum up, Zara breaks all the rules but this strategy proves to be successful as Zara is one of the life-sizegest retailers in the industry. REFERENCES LIST entrys Social Rising of income With the rising of fluid personal income, passel began to pursue a high quality and comfo rtable life. This tendency provides Zara quite wide market share. Personalized consumption become the mainstream of society. The strategy of ZARA, a small amount, variety, cheap, is a major warranter of its success. Fast fashionRegarding the design strategy, an article in Business world magazine describes it as follows Zara was a fashion imitator. It foc utilize its attention on understanding the fashion items that its customers wanted and then delivering them, rather than on promoting predicted seasons trends via fashion shows and similar channels of influence, which the fashion industry traditionally used. There will be a 0. 7% depreciation of fashion products every day. A new product, from design to produce, logistics operation and the final sale, only need 2-3 weeks in Zara. Affordable fashionAn increasing number of people pay more attention to fashion. But fashion is a masterpiece of top designers, only a few people can afford it. The designers of ZARA will follow these fashi on elements and design their own product, which most consumers can afford it (Baidu, 2010). Technological R&D and Production 1. Fast production Deliver in spite of appearance 6 weeks instead of 6 months which is the delivery time from Zaras competitors (Ghemawat & Nueno, 2006). 2. Zara has only 20 suppliers which accounted 70% of their products. The former(a) companies have for example more than 200 different suppliers.Therefore its easy for Zara to control their suppliers. Logistic 1. avouch distribution centre with an order to delivery time of 24 hour for Europe and 48 hours to regular army and Asia (Tokatli, 2007). 2. The shops receive two deliveries from distribution centre. That allows the shops to have low inventory and a high turnaround at heart the shop (Lopez & Fan, 2009) (Ghemawat & Nueno, 2006). Flexible Supply Chain 1. upright integrated and controls its entire production chain. One crucial effect of the control is to re reduce the bullwhip effect. (Ghemawat & Nuen o, 2006) . Zara has very short lead times. The Agility of their supply chain enables Zara to deliver from product design to sale within 2 weaks for repeat or 5 weeks for new products (Mazaira, Gonzalez, & Avendano, 2003). Environmental Zara wants to help the sustainable developments of the society and the environments with which it interacts. This freight to the environment is a part of the Inditex group bodied social responsibility policy. Objectives and Actions At the sores Zara saves energy and lot of care has been given to make the stores eco efficient.Development of efficient vigilance models for their stores that proposes measures to be applied to all processes, from the design of the store itself, the lighting heating or cooling strategy equipment, to the possible recycle of furniture and decoration. Use of composition or biodegradable plastic bags 90% of the bags Zara gives out to customers are made of paper. 1. Reduction of waste and encourages recycling Millions of han gers and security tags are processed each year additionally both the cardboard and plastic used are recycled. 2. Increasing awareness among the team instalmentsHeighten employees awareness of the need for sustainable practices such as trimming energy consumption, using sustainable conduct or modifying habits. With the product 1. Use of ecological fabrics, like organic cotton. Zara Supports ecological agriculture and uses organic cotton in the production of selected items of clothing (100% cotton, completely bighearted of pesticide, chemical agents and bleaches). With a distinctive label these products can be identified very easily at the stores. 2. Producing PVC free footwear No fossil oil derivatives or non-biodegradable materials are used in producing the footwear.In the acquit Zaras fleet of Lorries transport over 200 million items of clothing annually and uses 5% biodiesel fuel, cut down emission of CO2 into the atmosphere by more than 500 tones. Animal welfare policy ea ch(prenominal) the animal products, including fur and leather sold at Zara come exclusively from animal reared in gunstock form and never from animal sacrificed for skin sale. (Zara, 2010) legislative Plagiarism plagiarism in the fashion industry has become a huge issue. Trends are oft copied and cheaply as well as illicitly sold in the street. Global expansionAs the European market has a well working trade and profound system facilitating business operations in member countries, other countries globally will not offer the same securities, especially in communistic countries the brat of losing a private run company to the topical anaesthetic government is very real. REFERENCES ? Conclusion ZARA was just a small Spanish dress shop, but now, the little-known cross out has grown into a leader of the apparel market. instanter the footprints of ZARA have around more than 60 countries. The big design group, unique strategy, environmental management predilection and other operatio nal strategies make ZARA success.