Aristotle s Types Of Friendship - 2060 Words

According to Aristotle, one can experience three different types of friendship. The first type is a friend who is used for utilitarian purposes. Aristotle, however, quickly dismisses this type. As an example, Aristotle explains that one could never be friends with wine; while wine is satisfying to the person drinking the wine, no person ever wishes wine good fortune (Aristotle, 32). In order for a relationship between two people to be considered a friendship, one must want good things for the person who they consider their friend and vice versa (Aristotle, 32). Aristotle continues to describe another type of friendship, which is friendship for pleasure. According to Aristotle, young adults are most likely to pursue pleasure-related friendships, because the young are more likely to live to please their emotions; they develop friendships and erotic relationships quickly (Aristotle, 33). Aristotle notes that since young people make decisions based on their emotions, they are quick to ch ange passions, friendships, and lovers (Aristotle, 33). Although both parties receive equal pleasure in this type of friendship, Aristotle says that it is not a complete type of friendship because it is short-lasting (Aristotle, 33). Aristotle considers only one type of friendship to be complete, and that is friendship that is devoted to the other person’s virtue. This type of friendship, Aristotle says, is a friendship that is developed slowly and infrequently; this is the only type ofShow MoreRelatedConfessions By Saint Augustine And The Nicomachean Ethics1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle the theme of friendship is constantly portrayed. Each philosopher has his own respected thoughts and opinions about the different aspects of friendship. This paper will argue both the similarities and differences between Aristotle and Saint Augustine’s argument about the role of friendship. In The Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle argues that friendship is the greatest of external goods which is necessary to live a pleasant life. Aristotle then proceeds to defineRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1326 Words   |  6 Pagesis used as a popularity contest, where we add people just too have more friends on the list than our neighbor. However, true friends are not usually acquired on Facebook. According to the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle believes that a real friendship is for its own sake and Facebook friendship concentrate much on amusement and utility. Most people that have a Facebook account have approximately more than 100 friends. Each of those people has a particular relation to each other in one way or anotherRead MoreAristotle s Book Viii By Setting Some Ground Work On Friendship1198 Words   |  5 PagesAristotle begins book VIII by setting some ground work on friendship. Aristotle explains that friendship is something that is â€Å" indispensable for life.† Not one person chooses to not have friends, therefore, it something that involves everyone. He later goes in depth on the fact that there are three categories of friendship: useful, pleasure, and goodness. Useful friendship is when each individual has a benefit from the other. In the case of pleasure friendship, each person in the relationship areRead MoreA Curiosity Of Benefits And Self Love1463 Words   |  6 PagesBenefits and Self-Love in Friendships Reading Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics, it is tempting to conclude that Aristotle provides clear explanation about the benefits of friendship and the idea of self-love. Throughout his examples of friendship, Aristotle supports his assumptions with evidence and real-world situations. His arguments about self-love and benefits from having friends seem clear and understandable to the reader. However, Aristotle unsuccessfully explains why friendship is primarily about activityRead MoreThere Are Several Similarities Between Aristotle And Confucius1499 Words   |  6 Pagessimilarities between Aristotle and Confucius on the concept of friendship.   Both viewed friendship as a relationship between virtuous and trustworthy friends who understand each other s character.   According to Aristotle and Confucius, virtue is essential when friends   are able to share their lives with one another during the time of fortune and misfortunes.   For this leads them to live happily, joyfu lly, and harmoniously as friends. Aristotle posited that, â€Å"The perfect form of friendship is that betweenRead MoreThe Good Life Defined By Aristotle1471 Words   |  6 PagesThe good life defined by Aristotle in Nicomachean Ethics is a feasible goal that all humans should be able to aim for but restrictions make it impossible for all citizens of ancient Greece to achieve it which foreshadows the gender and racial stereotypes that can be seen in our culture today. Aristotle questions this claim by having an inner debate with himself in the process, he creates many theories, but he clarifies what he determines to be the good life by saying, †Our present discussion doesRead MoreFootball And Aristotle s Philosophy Of Friendship880 Words   |  4 Pages Friendships are a main aspect of what we seek for in life, for Aristotle says that â€Å"without friends, no one would choose to live,† (Football and Aristotle s Philosophy of Friendship, Pg 32). Through excerpts from Gallagher’s â€Å"Football and Aristotle s Philosophy of Friendship†, McMahon’s â€Å"Seinfeld Subjectivity, and Sartre,† Condella’s â€Å"Why can’t we be virtual friends,† and finally Thalos’ â€Å"Why I am not a friend,† we can determine the reasons why we hold friendships so dearly to us. In Gallagher’sRead MoreThe Purpose Of Friendship1304 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Baker Intro to Philosophy 13 April 2015 The Purpose of Friendship We all have friends that we enjoy spending time with, but we do not seem to think heavily as to why we have these friends. These relationships are not necessary to survival; all that is needed for our physical body to survive is food and water, yet people want to create long-lasting friendships with people they cherish. In his work, Lysis, Plato says that that friendship is the least of natural loves, ones which we do not needRead MoreAristotle s Portrayal Of Friendship1708 Words   |  7 Pagesvirtuous character. While in Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle s depiction of friendship is a lively one, they show affection and their own virtuous character translates to our own. In contrast, Seneca s On The Shortness Of Life suggests that we should seek friends of virtue with the dead because they possess the ability to always be with us and guide us with their own knowledge of life. While Aristotle and Seneca would rather choose one form of friendship over the other, we can denounce the n otion thatRead MoreEssay When Souls Intertwine1641 Words   |  7 Pagesfriends† (Aristotle 4). Aristotle is saying that in order for someone to be happy you must have not only friends, but virtuous friends. Virtuous friends are your true friends. What is true friendship? How do you know when someone is not only your friend, but your true friend? Some may say that a true friend is loyal, honest, and cares for you, someone who would die for you. Some may agree with Aristotles view of friendship. He classifies friendship into three categories:

Media Role in Everyday Life Free Essays

string(124) " workshop is not to deny that these institutions will also have political roles to play and manipulative techniques to use\." Analyse the following quote: â€Å" it is because the media are central to our everyday lives that we must study them†¦ as social and cultural as well as political and economic dimensions of the modern world. † (Roger Silverstone, Why Study the Media? 1999. ) criteria understand respond to question construct logical argument key terms/concepts used accurately provide relevant examples where required Reading 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Role in Everyday Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 Why Media Studies is Worthwhile: Bazalgette ‘Media studies is controversial because it is still new and because it deals with things that are not only continuing to change but are also the focus of many anxieties. 2000:5 ‘Newspapers, film, radio, television and, increasingly, computer software and communications networks are generally considered to be immensely popular in ways that are not fully understood and about which there is little consensus. They are consequently blamed for all kinds of social ills, political problems and cultural degeneracy. Each of these media has also, in its time, been seen as the harbinger of apocalyptic change – for better as well as for worse. Similar essay: Disagreement in Natural Sciences But because the oldest of them – the mass circulation press – has only been in existence for little more than a century, the process of change has been too fast for anyone to arrive at definitive conclusions about what its social, political and cultural effects really are. ‘As much as everyone likes to think they rebel against their parents and teachers, and keep up to date with new ideas and technologies, we are all substantially formed through the frameworks of ideas and thought of earlier generations, and we all find change difficult. ‘ ‘Change almost always provokes strong feelings: excitement, anxiety, tension, fear, anger. The media, conspicuous and changing objects in a world that is itself changing, are a particularly public focus for these kinds of emotion and argument. There is therefore much disagreement about how the media should be understood, regulated and consumed. 2000:6 It is essential to recognise that media studies, even as we enter the twenty-first century is still new. ‘†¦. it is a subject still in the process of being formed. Full of disagreements and different claims as to what it is ‘really about’. It is also a hybrid subject: that is to say, the ideas and approaches that it draws upon come from many different sources. The mass circulation press, the cinema, radio, television, digital software and the internet each attracted comment, analysis and speculation from the start (2000:7) Everyone who spoke or wrote about these media was themselves already educated within existing academic disciplines and motivated by particular interests 2000:7 Nevertheless, hybrid d isciplines do appear all the time: semiotics, structuralism, sociolinguistics, and many more. Media studies snaps them all up: there can never be too many different ways of analysing just what is really going on in those fleeting images. Those rapt audiences. Those smoke filled boardrooms of owners. Technology and theory 2000:8 – The media themselves change much faster than any theory. In fact it is often changes in the media – even basic technological changes – that impel changes in the academic construction of the subject. As I write this in the late 1990s we have moved into a period of what are profound changes brought about by digital technologies. Until the 1980s the term ‘media’ meant what it said (although it was, and still is, widely misused as a singular noun). It refers to numbers of different ways of physically reproducing and carrying meanings. The whole point of a media text is that it moves and flows: the meaning is never ‘there’ at a given moment, but in juxtaposition and sequence, in the tension between one moment and another. 2000:8 2000:9 Media studies is thus a catch-all title designating a wide variety of courses, and since these are all embroiled both in developing a coherent theoretical base and in keeping up with technological and institutional developments in the media themselves, does it even make sense to lump them all together? 2000:9 In media studies you are asked about the profit motive. In media studies you are asked this. You are asked to look at cinema and television as industries which employ large numbers of people and to understand how they work, how they are financed and why they produce what they do. 2000:10 In media studies you may be asked to think about films, television programmes or other ‘media texts’ in the same way. But you will certainly also b asked to think about how they address you – or other people – as a member of a group: as British, say, or as a black person, or as a man, or even – but how often? – as all three. By asking you to think about texts in this way, and by making you investigate who made, say, a film or programme, and why, and in whose interests, media studies is essentially political. Every investigation of even quite short or trivial texts potentially leads into larger questions about power structures in society and how they are organised. 2000:10 – It is just as ‘political’ to be asking questions about who owns this newspaper, who financed this film, and why; or perhaps more interestingly, who wouldn’t finance that film and why, or how one kind of television programme is more likely to be made than another. The politics of the media affect our lives as much as the politics of Parliament or Congress, and can be more satisfying to investigate since the evidence is all around you every day. 2000:10 At the same time it is the inclusion of this political dimension that media students often find the most satisfying and worthwhile aspect of the subject. ‘You stop taking things at face value’. You should beware of media courses which render the subject down to a few handy maxims such as ‘the basic function of all media is to sell audiences to advertisers’. To object that this can hardly apply to public service broadcasting or a community video workshop is not to deny that these institutions will also have political roles to play and manipulative techniques to use. You read "Media Role in Everyday Life" in category "Essay examples" But it does reassert the principle that there is more than one way to look at any text. A political dimension to critical analysis should add complexity, not simplification 2000:10 So far, I have identified two basic principles that media studies courses are likely to have in common: using economic and political perspectives as key ways of understanding the media. These are the most characteristic differences between media studies and most other subjects. But no course will concentrate on these areas alone. 2000:11 One of the strengths – and also the challenges – of media studies is precisely that it asks you to consider texts from different and often sharply contrasting perspectives. What do you study in media studies? 2000:11 Just what – if anything – constitutes a valid argument for studying one text, or one group of texts, rather than another? There are five main ways of answering this question? Popularity (2000:12) The emphasis might be on the phenomenon of mass audience pleasure and on understanding and legitimating the enjoyment people derive from these texts or in contrast, the aim of the analysis might be to reveal how audiences are manipulated and deluded by stereotypical or reactionary material Exemplification is an obvious ground for worthiness of study, especially when the aim is to illustrate an aspect of theory, such as genre or representation. Notoriety (2000:12)– is an interesting and useful reason for studying a text that can offer a way in to thinking about social, political and cultural contexts. Texts which are interesting to study in their own right, but whose notoriety reveals much about their conditions of production or consumption, include banned or controversial television documentaries etc ‘Such ‘case studies’ form the starting point or central exemplar which can illuminate aspects of the media we don’t normally think about or see. Turning points and groundbreaking texts could be included in the previous category, but texts can be significant without being notorious, especially in retrospect. Aesthetic value (2000:12-13) s a criterion that many media teachers would deny using as a way of selecting or judging texts. 2000:13 What is it all for? ‘It is also obvious that the media industries themselves are hard to get into and rely increasingly on freelancers, ‘2000:14: that a knowledge of history, politics, economics, accountancy, law – you name it – would be equally useful as a basis for working, as, say, a journalist o r editor It is increasingly likely that, whatever job you do or whatever your domestic circumstances, there will be more opportunities for you to engage with the media, and not just as a consumer. Indeed, the field of ‘alternative’ and subversive media production may be the one that grows fastest over the next few years (who knows? How could you tell? ) as access to technology and circulation systems widens Inside or outside the corporate producers, the new voices will come from the people who are already literate in the new media What media studies can really do is open up your understanding of how things work, how people become informed – or misinformed – and how the myths and ideologies that govern all our lives are created and sustained. Reading 1. Media and Communications: Theoretical traditions 2002:23 The field of Australian media and communications theory and research is in a unique position. On one hand, it is highly derivative†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. this is partly due to general globalisation of ideas today, but also to Australia’s past as a British colony and in more recent decades, to its dependence on the United States. On the othe r hand, in Australia we are able to observe and compare the influences and models emanating from the metropolitan centres of the Northern Hemisphere and to selectively combine and modify them in accordance with our own national reality and place in the world -.. dentify the origins of the major paradigms or schools of thought which have arisen in European and American theory and research as they apply to media and communications; to trace the formative influence they have had on particular styles of work in Australia; and to show how they have become transformed in the process of being adapted to our experience here EUROPE VERSUS AMERICA 2002:23 .. ‘European means heavily interpretive and holistic in scope – that is, taking a macro perspective, looking down on society as a whole. Its sociopolitical stance is critical of society as it exists, and most often specifically Marxist. In its methods, it is deductive in that it applies general principles to the analysis of particular cases By contrast, the American approach is strongly empirical and micro in its scope – at its extreme, its form of knowledge relies on the direction observation of distinct phenomena, preferably controlled and measurable occurrences, like in a laboratory experiment. Its sociopolitical stance is said to be liberal or pluralistic – in other words, it is not aligned with any sector of society which has an interest in changing the world, but in that sense, it is really more conservative 002:24: However ideas do not belong to geographical territories and it is important to appreciate that, even if critical theory has traditionally been weak in the United States, Europe in fact has not only produced the characteristic critical and interpretive schools of thought, but also has a strong tradition of ‘positivism’, which is much more aligned with ‘Americanâ€⠄¢ empiricism and functionalism (Giddens 1974). Positivism is basically the idea that the methods of natural science can and should be applied to understand and control society and culture, which includes the media. Western Marxism and Ideological Critique 2002:24 In order to understand contemporary media studies, it is crucial to understand the significance of the Frankfurt School and its tradition A critique of the rise of the mass media (mainly the new media of cinema and radio in those days) which has defined one important direction for Marxist criticism ever since 2002:25 This is the ideological critique of the media Reading 1. 3 Self and Experience in a Mediated World Reading 1. 4 New Media and Technological Development A Beginner’s Guide to Textual Analysis How to cite Media Role in Everyday Life, Essay examples

Guide to Industrial Control System Security Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Industrial Control System Security. Answer: Introduction The term Industrial Control System is used to refer to a large number of control systems that are used for assisting industrial production operations. The distributedcontrol systems(DCS), supervisory controland data acquisition (SCADA)systems and other programmable control system are in general referred to be essential components of Industrial Control System This particular report is aimed at providing the management of the Pure Land Wastewater Treatment Inc with information about those technological systems, the inclusion of which would help in improving the security levels of the industrial control system currently used by the organization. Current state description Established in 2001, Pure Land Wastewater Treatment Inc, is one such organization that has a significance experience in various aspects of Wastewater Treatment, besides being one of the most well known names in the domain of Biological Fermentation industries and Chemical Manufacturing. The following diagram depicts the existing industrial control system that Pure Land Wastewater Treatment Inc utilizes on a day to day basis: Figure 1: The existing industrial control system of Pure Land Wastewater Treatment Inc (Source: Reissman, 2014, pp- 9) As depicted in the diagram, the existing industrial control system can be subdivided into four sections: the Business LAN, the supervisory network, the control system and the field system The following section of the report provides a brief description of these subsystems: The Business LAN The employees of the organization have access to this section of the network. A web server caters to the requests made by the employees and the business service applications can be connected to the internet (Reissman, 2014). However this particular connection is protected by a firewall. The supervisory network The supervisory control and data acquisition or SCADA system remotely monitors and controls the operational functionalities of the organization. The control system Efficient human machine interfaces and Inter-Control Center CommunicationsProtocols (ICCP) are utilized for managing the exchange of information between the control system, the field system and the other facilities of the organization (Reissman, 2014). The field system The waste water treatment process and the sanitizer feed tank or the COI are remotely controlled remotely by the process control vendor support systems. The internet is utilized for establishing this communication link. Overview of network weaknesses On detailed examination of the existing ICS network, the following weaknesses were identified: The employees of the organization are capable of connecting to the internet and an internal firewall has been set up for enhancing the security levels of this section of the ICS (Peng et al. 2012). However, all the business services use this particular LAN connection and thus should have been protected with an external firewall and an Intrusion Detection and Prevention system, which at this point in time is non-existing. The other sections of the ICP are not protected with any security system and thus are vulnerable to a wide range of cyber attacks. The ICCP protocol is used for maintaining the communication between the control system, the field system and the other facilities of the organization. However, even these communication links are not protected with security system (Estevez, Marcos, 2012). Last but not the least, third party vendors have access to the sanitizer feed tank and the waste water treatment facilities through unprotected, internet based communication channels. Threats and vulnerabilities associated with the ICS The following section of the report is aimed at providing an insight in to those cyber security threats or vulnerabilities that are associated with industrial control systems. Sl. No Threat type Examples of threat 1 Malware infection through intranet or internet sources 1. Exploitation of the zero day exploits or unknown/ undetected attack that have been launched previously on the system (Allianz-fuer-cybersicherheit.de, 2016). 2. Attacks on the external web pages of the organization, attacks being launched in form of cross-site scripting ,SQL injection, etc 3. Limiting the functionalities of the system components by launching untargeted malware attacks. 2 Malware attack through external hardware devices and removable media 1. Executable applications might be embedded with malicious codes (Dhs.gov, 2016). 2. USB flash drives used by employees might also be sources of malware attacks (Kaspersky.com, 2016). 3. Sabotage or human error 1. Compromising the security of the system by intentional usage of unauthorized hardware or software components (Ics-cert.us-cert.gov, 2016). 2. Incorrect configuration of system components. 4 Intrusion through remote access 1. Attacks launched on access points that have been created for maintenance purpose (Rooijakkers Sadiq , 2015). 5. Attacks on control systems that are connected to the internet 1. Attacks can be launched on control systems that connected directly to the internet. Understanding of applicable regulations for achieving compliance with CFATS regulations within the plan In order to achieve the compliance with the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards or CFATS regulation, the higher management of Pure Land Wastewater Treatment Inc should be abiding by the following regulations: Appendix [A] to the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standard, Final Rule: The Appendix [A] to the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standard, Final Rule, published in November consists of a list of as many as 300 COI or Chemicals of Interest, besides providing each of their Screening Threshold Quantities or STQ (Dhs.gov, 2016). Organizations that holds any of these Chemicals of Interests at their respective STQ levels or higher need to submit the Top screen reports within a period of 60 days (Rooijakkers Sadiq , 2015). Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards, Interim Final Rule: The Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards regulation was published on April 9th, 2007, as the Interim Final Rule, after considering the information available from the individuals operating in the industries that abide by CSAT regulations, companies, trade associations and numerous other entities (Sadiq McCreight, 2013). The DHS took the initiative of publishing an appendix that contained a list of several Chemicals of Interests and their corresponding levels, on storage of which an enterprise would have to submit online Top Screenreports to the Department of Homeland Security through the online Chemical Security Assessment or the CSAT (Dhs.gov, 2016). Desired future state In the light of the discussions made in the above sections of the report, it can be concluded that in order improve the security level of the ICS system and avoid the risks and vulnerabilities that are frequently launched against such systems, certain changes must be incorporated within the said system. The desired changes have been mentioned in the following list: The various sub parts of the entire network must be isolated from each other , by the implementation of VPN solutions and firewall (both internal and external), such that the attack routes leading to the ICS network can be avoided (Reaves, Morris, 2012). Conventional security measures like that of antivirus software modules and firewalls need to be implemented in the periphery of each of these sub-networks. The internal access for those control processes that lie in the close vicinity of the production environment must be disabled (Galloway Hancke, 2013). Secure authentication procedures must be followed for utilizing the remote access facilities (Ics-cert.us-cert.gov, 2016). Five areas of cyber-security that needs to be improved The analysis of the diagram of network used by Pure Land Wastewater Treatment Inc , along with the consideration of the ranked subject areas available in the cyber security assessment report, has lead to the identification of the following domains that require improvement: Information and documentation management process need to be incorporated within the existing system which would enhance the process of securing the enterprise information (Sadiq McCreight, 2013). Firewalls need to be implemented at the peripheries of all the sub-sections of the network Incident response policies have to be implemented (Allianz-fuer-cybersicherheit.de, 2016). The techniques currently being used for malware detection and monitoring need to be improved (Reaves, Morris, 2012). The processes currently being used for controlling remote access to the ICS need to be secured (Galloway Hancke, 2013). Conclusion The report provides a detailed discussion on the industrial control system that is currently being utilized by Pure Land Wastewater Treatment Inc. A schematic diagram of the existing network architecture has been provided in the report, based on which the weaknesses of the existing system have been identified. Based on the identified weaknesses, a list of security treats or vulnerabilities has been provided, so as make the management of organization aware of the attacks which might be launched against the system. In order to achieve compliance with the CFATS regulations, Pure Land Wastewater Treatment Inc require to abide by two DHS regulations, the details of which have been provided in the report. The report also provides insight into some technological aspects that need to be implemented within the ICS system. Last but not the least, five such cyber-security domains have been identified, based on the reports generated by the U. S Homeland Security Department, which require immediate attention for enhancing the level of security of the ICS system. References Allianz-fuer-cybersicherheit.de,. (2016). Industrial Control System Security. Allianz-fuer-cybersicherheit.de. Retrieved 19 March 2016, from https://www.allianz-fuer-cybersicherheit.de/ACS/DE/_/downloads/BSI-CS_005E.pdf?__blob=publicationFilev=2 Dhs.gov,. (2016). CFATS Covered Chemical Facilities | Homeland Security. Dhs.gov. Retrieved 19 March 2016, from https://www.dhs.gov/cfats-covered-chemical-facilities Estevez, E., Marcos, M. (2012). Model-based validation of industrial control systems.Industrial Informatics, IEEE Transactions on,8(2), 302-310. Friedland, B. (2012).Control system design: an introduction to state-space methods. Courier Corporation. Galloway, B., Hancke, G. P. (2013). Introduction to industrial control networks.Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE,15(2), 860-880. Ics-cert.us-cert.gov,. (2016). Overview of Cyber Vulnerabilities | ICS-CERT. Ics-cert.us-cert.gov. Retrieved 19 March 2016, from https://ics-cert.us-cert.gov/content/overview-cyber-vulnerabilities Kaspersky.com,. (2016). Retrieved 19 March 2016, from https://media.kaspersky.com/en/business-security/critical-infrastructure-protection/Cyber_A4_Leaflet_eng_web.pdf Peng, Y., Jiang, C., Xie, F., Dai, Z., Xiong, Q., Gao, Y. (2012). Industrial control system cybersecurity research.Journal of Tsinghua University Science and Technology,52(10), 1396-1408. Reaves, B., Morris, T. (2012). An open virtual testbed for industrial control system security research.International Journal of Information Security,11(4), 215-229. Reissman, L. (2014). Pureland Cyber Secrity Assessment. Rooijakkers, M., Sadiq, A. A. (2015). Critical infrastructure, terrorism, and the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards: the need for collaboration.International Journal of Critical Infrastructures,11(2), 167-182. Sadiq, A. A., McCreight, R. (2013). Assessing the Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards after 5 years: achievements, challenges, and risks ahead.Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management,10(1), 387-404.