Sound Progressexxon valdez 5 pgs Essay Example For Students

Sound Progressexxon valdez 5 pgs Essay The Exxon Valdez oil slick in the Prince William Sound of Alaska end up being a debacle on numerous levels. The coastline, untamed life, and individuals of the all zone were totally crushed by the spill. After ten years, the region is demonstrating wonderful advancement. As a result of the cleanup endeavors and new guidelines, the Sound is getting nearer and nearer to recuperation. A couple of moments after 12 PM on March 24, 1989, the T/V Exxon Valdez steered into the rocks on Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound. A couple of moments later the coast monitor got a radio message from the boats chief, Joseph Hazelwood: Weve got up ah hard on solid land north of Goose Island off Bligh Reef, and ah obviously releasing some oil. Would have been here for a while.(Knickerbocker, Big Spill 12) That radio call was the start of the most noticeably awful oil slick in United States history. The some oil that Hazelwood was alluding to wound up being an expected 11 million gallons of unrefined petroleum. The oil secured almost 1,300 miles of shoreline and in the end arrived at sea shores 470 miles away. (McAllister C14).At the hour of the spill, authorities had no quick arrangement for tidying up the oil. The spill struck in a remote piece of a state where the number of inhabitants in caribou effectively dwarfs individuals. Representative for the Govoners office David Ramseur concurred. You need many individuals and a great deal of hardware, and we dont have enough.(McAllister C14) At the time, that announcement was tragically evident. The territory just wasnt arranged to deal with a spill of that extent. Other than the coastline, the spill likewise affected the nearby occupants of the territory, basically the locales untamed life. The spill eventually executed in excess of 250,000 seabirds, at any rate 2,800 ocean otters, 300 harbor seals, 150 bald eagles, and 14 to 22 executioner whales, alongside billions of herring eggs. (number6) This end up being similarly adverse to the 7,200 human inhabitants of Southern Alaska. The angling port at Cordova was the countries seventh most worthwhile angling harbor the year prior to the spill. It found the middle value of $44 million in income every year. Four years after the spill in 1993, it slipped to number 51 with profit down $19 million from 1988. The city likewise confronted other serious misfortunes. A previ ous chairman ended it all, and the city has experienced six psychological well-being executives. (Murphy E1) Clean up endeavors were nearly as enormous as the spill itself. During a large portion of 1989, the focal point of the venture was containing and tidying up the spill and saving oiled natural life. Extraordinarily fixed vessels called Skimmers were utilized to expel the oil from the water. Regulation floats called aids were set up to keep the oil from arriving at the salmon incubation facilities that were a fundamental piece of the zones economy. (Opdyke B1) Efforts including a large number of laborers and an armada of private angling vessels worked as a matter of fact to tidy up the spill. After the underlying tidy up in 1989, there was still a great deal of work to be finished. In 1990, the shoreline was indeed assessed and a unique procedure called bioremediation (applying manures to oiled shoreline to accelerate oil-using organisms) was utilized on the areas of the sound where oil despite everything remained. (Opdyke B1)All told, the spill end up being the most expensive ever. Notwithstanding the 2.2 billion dollars it needed to spend on the cleanup, Exxon was presently confronted with heaps of common claims. A settlement came to among Exxon and bureaucratic and state governments cost the organization about a billion dollars. In September of 1994, a jury found for 40,000 individuals, including business anglers, and other Alaskan inhabitants, and granted them 5.3 billion dollars in harms. (Rueters F8) According to Exxon legal advisor John Daum, The honor is multiple times the biggest honor at any point insisted by any government court anyplace. .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a , .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a .postImageUrl , .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a , .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a:hover , .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a:visited , .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a:active { border:0!important; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a:active , .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-design: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228 505a .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5ecb79ea8ad7cfbbeed5f3e0d228505a:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: danimals Essay The entirety of this cash introduced another inquiry, how to spend it? Lawful orders ensured that the billion-dollar settlement would be spent on ventures identified with the recuperation of the district. The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council (EVOSTC) had the activity of doing only that. The EVOSTC chose to spend the cash on the securing of compromised living space along the Prince William Sound to shield it from logging and different turns of events. Other EVOSTC ventures incorporate logical examinations, proceeded with shoreline cleanup and instructive undertakings. (Reuters F8)Today the sound has made radical upgrades from its crushed state in 1989.Almost of the untamed life species affected by the spill have totally recouped, and another is approaching finished recuperation. (Murphy E1) Hatchery fish have recuperated to about 87% of their numbers before the spill.Frank Sparow, Exxons VP for condition and wellbeing feels certain about the recuperation, by the natural life as well as by the occupants of the district. . . . We made each push to remunerate those individuals that were harmed . . . One of the absolute first things we did was to ask anglers in Cordova Whats your yearly angling income? Theyd state X. Furthermore, marry say, For a beginning, heres X. (Murphy E1) Along with the money related remuneration for anglers, Exxon additionally set up work situation and preparing focuses in Cordova. This was an incredibly supportive apparatus, taking into account that the significant business in the city had been incapacitated by the spill. Presumably the most significant thing to come out of the Exxon Valdez Spill, were the huge upgrades that have been made in oil slick counteraction and reaction arranging. These projects include: satellite following of big haulers in the zone, escort vessels to help in exploring the station, enactment that requires a twofold body structures for all big haulers that enter the sound; a stage that would have likely decrea sed the measure of water that spilled from the Valdez by . (Richards B1) The one thing that authorities in Prince William Sound will never be scrutinized for will be their absence of planning. Today, there are emergency courses of action for oil slicks in the sound that incorporate a situation for a spill of 12.6 million gallons. The joined capacity of skimming frameworks to expel oil from the water is presently multiple times more prominent than it was in 1989. Supplies and vessels for tidying up oil are currently stored and bores are held in the sound every year. (Richards B1) We have an amazingly protected framework here feels Vince Mitchell, vessel tasks group pioneer for the Ship Escort/Response Vessel System. Its been a continuos improvement process. . . Were truly concentrating on avoidance. That is the place the genuine advantage is. (Knickerbocker, Preventing 12)Prince William Sound will never be come back to the manner in which it was before the spill. In any case, things are moving the correct way. With the cash got from repayments, the untamed life, occupants, and condition are on an unflinching track toward recuperation. With cash got through court repayments the EVOSTC has had the option to ensure 650,000 sections of land for natural life environment. (Knickerbocker, Preventing 12) in particular, the region has gotten mindful of the way that planning is fundamental in the insurance of the sound. Through appropriate preparing and sufficient reaction procedures, industry authorities are currently ready to feel sure about their oil slick counteraction measures. While it hasnt recouped at this point, the sound is continually improving and will some time or another before long recover its previous grander.Bibliography:Works CitedKnickerbocker, Brad. Forestalling Another Monster Oil Slick. ChristianScience Monitor: 23 March 1999: 12 Knickerbocker, Brad. The Big Spill. Christian Science Monitor: 22 March 1999: 12McAllister, Bill. Executioner Spill. Wash ington Post: 25 March 1999: C14Murphy, Kim. The Frozen North Struggles to Recover, 10 Years After Exxon Valdez. LasAnge

Security Issues Addressing Cloud Computing - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Security Issues Addressing Cloud Computing? Answer: Presentation The Four Seasons Greenhouse and Nursery of Colorado is an independent venture association that has been benefitted by the presentation of new retail location framework in the year 2008. The framework ordered all the basic business information for improving the dynamic procedure of the Nursery. The retail location framework permitted the proprietors to follow the business information and deals exchange progressively that helps in improving the estimation procedure (allude to addendum 1). This framework has impressively helped the association in expanding the measure of benefit as beforehand, with the arrangement of manual record keeping the measure of benefit of the nursery was irrelevant. The convenient accessibility of the item data helps in legitimate upkeep of the stock (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The report gives a diagram of the various favorable circumstances, hindrances and dangers related with the new purpose of deals framework. Points of interest and Disadvantages of POS framework The benefits of the new purpose of deals framework are as per the following (allude to informative supplement 2)- The new retail location framework wipes out the need of manual following of the deals by permitting the proprietors to follow the exchanges right away. In this way, the new purpose of deals framework makes the tedious procedure of aggregating the business history significantly straightforward. Besides, it wipes out the chance of mistake in refreshing the business subtleties physically (Stadtle 2015). The new purpose of deals framework expands the precision of the monetary information of the framework. With the usage of the framework, the manual passage of the business exchanges is disposed of too. This decreased the quantity of mistakes in estimation of the money related information and related with the deals. The new Point of deals framework besides helped in doing the indispensable errands of business, for example, estimation of stock and deals in a generally lesser time in correlation with the manual information keeping framework. This is on the grounds that the subtleties of the deals and the stock are refreshed progressively (Diallo, Rodrigues and Sene 2012). The precise and perfect information keeping by the purpose of deals framework have impressively helped the association with their business dynamic procedure. The precise stock check and irrelevant mystery have besides helped the business in working in a more slender stock unit. An appropriate report of the nitty gritty exchange of stock things, for example, the quantity of units bought, sold or disposed of is presently conceivable to get with the assistance of the purpose of deals framework, which was prior incomprehensible because of the manual record keeping. The new purpose of deals framework has impressively helped the association in comprehension and recognizing the higher gainful items. The viewpoint of genuine expense have significantly helped the association in moving the creation to the higher benefit things in this manner expanding the benefit rate. The ongoing revealing has moreover helped the administrators in getting progressively successful with their business activity. The new framework has besides helped in controlling the representative timetable and apportioning work costs to the particular divisions and capacities, as it has been simpler to follow the necessities with the assistance of the new purpose of deals framework. This capacity helps the proprietors in assigning greater duty to the staffs for foundation of the responsibility inside Four Seasons. Be that as it may, with the various preferences, there are sure weaknesses too. The inconveniences of the new purpose of deals framework are as per the following- Usage of the purpose of deals framework is a to some degree expensive for little and medium estimated ventures. This is on the grounds that so as to execute the framework inside the association, different equipment and programming arrangement changes are required in the association. This shows speculation of a tremendous measure of cash for the framework. It is fundamental to bestow preparing to the staffs of the association so as to cause them to comprehend the activity of the new purpose of deals framework. Off base activity of the framework may lead in age of the wrong information or erroneous outcomes. The framework needs a customary upkeep. The association should contribute a specific some of cash for the support of the framework. Nonetheless, if the framework is effectively actualized inside the association, it will help the association in increasing upper hand in the advertising, in this manner expanding the benefit rate too. The drawbacks of the framework are unimportant in contrast with the points of interest it offers to the association. The Competitive bit of leeway of the Business The usage of the new purpose of framework is required to offer different upper hands to the business association in the commercial center. The upper hand that the business gain by execution of the new purpose of deals framework are as per the following- The purpose of deals framework incorporates all the business activity in a solitary spot. This aides in away from of the business tasks subsequently helping in legitimate administration of the business. This thus helps in increasing an upper hand in the commercial center. The end of the manual record keeping of the budgetary exchanges helps accomplishing a right informational collection that thus helps in improving the business activities of the association. This unquestionably gives an upper hand to the association in the commercial center. Since the new purpose of deals framework helps in following the most gainful item and appropriate administration of the stock, it helps in delivering the more beneficial item in this way giving the association an upper hand in the commercial center (Romney and Steinbart 2012). The major upper hand of the organization in actualizing the new purpose of deals framework is that separated from helping the association in legitimate administration of the stock merchandise, it additionally helps in appropriate administration of the works and the representatives of the association (Peppard and Ward 2016). In this way, it can unquestionably be said that the new purpose of deals framework will help the Four Season in increasing Competitive preferred position in the market. Favorable circumstances of having an incorporated database The benefits of having an incorporated database are as per the following- A bring together database extensively improves the information conservation as all the significant data with respect to the deals and other money related information are put away in a solitary spot (Coronel and Morris 2016). A brought together database improves the information security as capacity of information in a focal stockpiling limits the security hazards the information can confront. Incorporated database further aides in diminishing the expense of the expense of capacity, speeds up information process. Moreover, it offers an appropriate catastrophe recuperation method and diminishes the danger of information control (Stair and Reynolds 2013). It is a cost sparing arrangement and expands the operational productivity of the association. The POS in encouraging dynamic The new purpose of deals framework coordinates the various activities of the association hence encouraging the dynamic procedure. The purpose of deals frameworks forms the business exercises all the more successfully by giving an exact information of stock and deals. For instance, in Four Seasons, the items were requested simply on premise of hypotheses and there were no appropriate stock information. Be that as it may, with the execution of the POS framework, the units of the items are not, at this point requested dependent on hypotheses, in this manner helping the business in working on a less fatty stock units (Hall 2012). The manual data following is hard to lead in a powerful way, as it isn't just tedious yet additionally inclined to human mistakes. Hence, it turns out to be extremely hard to follow the data in a viable way (Galliers and Leidner 2014). In this way, the usage of the new POS upgrades the dynamic procedure. With the execution of the new POS framework, it has been simpler to follow the stock and the deals. It is simpler to address the inquiries identified with the measure of bought orders, orders sold, and arranges disposed of. Moreover it increment the command over the representatives of the association too, in this way encouraging the dynamic procedure (Pearlson et al. 2016). The precise data gave by the new POS framework will help in successful administration of the considerable number of procedures running inside an association. Legitimate information about the point by point item costs helps in overseeing and creating items that are progressively beneficial. Besides, the point by point the executives data offers power over timetables and work costs also in this manner upgrading the procedure of dynamic. Media transmission alternatives There are various kinds of system alternatives for the execution of POS in Four Seasons, for example, LAN, WAN and MAN. LAN or neighborhood shares a typical remote correspondence connect to the server inside a particular geological area. WAN or Wide Area Network then again interconnects a numerous LAN association in an appropriated topographical area. Metropolitan Area Network or MAN interconnects the clients with the PC assets in a particular geological territory or district. It is useful for the association to execute the new POS framework in WAN (Zhang et al. 2012). This will help the representatives of the association in simpler access and the board of the information. Moreover, WAN concentrates the IT foundation in this way helping in unified information the board (Barakah and Ammad-uddin 2012). A wired system association in spite of the fact that expands the security of the system, it is an exorbitant procedure. Besides, it turns out to be exceptionally hard to deal with a wired association in a wide region arrange. Hence, it is prescribed for the Four Seasons to build up a remote system association for the new POS framework. Business Ri

Bands in Town

Bands in Town Hey all, Okay, so I’m from Evanston, Illinois, which is fairly close to Chicago. I’m used to having access to the city, which means an abundance of eventsâ€"especially art and small band shows. Now, this may sound very hipster cliche, but Ive experienced a withdrawal coming to the universityâ€"but only because I wasn’t looking for art and band shows in the right places. If you are like me and love going to shows on the weekend, magical apps exist to help you find the events that interest you but arent exactly advertised. 1. Bandsintown Bandsintown is a free app that lets you know who’s going to be in your area, and they base their list  off the artists you follow or have  manually searched. The app also helps you find new artists similar to the artists you like. For an addict like me, this means even more band shows! 2. Facebook This probably isn’t news to anyone else, but I’ve recently started using Facebook as a way to find new events like crazy. I basically only  log on to change my profile photo and find new events. Other than using  these two apps in my life, I also check the pole right in front of the Union. Its covered in flyers for upcoming music and events.  Also, if you’re ever in the Art and Design Building, the bulletin boards include  flyers of band and art shows coming up. Indyia Class of 2019 I’m an Art Foundation student in the College of Fine and Applied Arts, and after Art Foundation I plan on majoring in Art Education. With my degree and teaching certificate, I want to teach children how to use their emotions, thoughts, and surroundings to create art.

Analysis Of The Book The Boy s The Striped Pajamas

In this Literary analysis report, of the book â€Å"The Boy in the Striped Pajamas†, I will be breaking down the story. Starting with the beginning introducing the main protagonist and antagonist of the movie. Then introducing the main conflict and how the protagonist tried to fix this problem, and how it was solved. The final paragraph will break down the movie even further by explaining symbols, showing what they mean, and how this movie depicted the real world. To start off, The movie â€Å"The boy in the striped pajamas† was directed by Mark Herman. The Story starts off in Berlin during World War II. The boy’s father is a soldier and is commander of a concentration camp. So in order to do his job he has to move his whole family closer to the camp. The rest of the story takes place in Auschwitz were the concentration camp is located at. The protagonist of this story is a little boy named Bruno. He is an 8 year old German boy. Bruno doesn t know what really is going on in the war. He is still innocent, during this time, all that he knows about the war is that his father is trying to make the world a better place. The antagonist in this story is Bruno’s dad. He is a very high official of the German army. He takes his job very seriously and says that by winning the war the world would become a better place for his son. Although the protagonist is being taught to hate Jewish people, he still becomes friends with a Jewish kid his age. This is the main conflict of the story, and whyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Boy Of The Striped Pajamas 2429 Words   |  10 PagesLiterature March 30, 2015 The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Introduction ​Most people view the Holocaust as one of the worst things that has ever happened in human history. It’s very difficult to argue this belief. Not only were millions of people killed in battle, but millions were killed outside of battle. After his murder of over six million Jews, Adolf Hitler became regarded as one of the most hated and evil people in the world, and still is today. The Boy in the Striped Pajamas is a novel based on thisRead MoreLiterature Review : The Boy s The Striped Pajamas1784 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature Review Outline: The Boy In The Striped Pajamas â€Å"The Boy In The Striped Pajamas† weaves a thread of intricate and compelling details through the description of each event that occurs within this book. For example, this novel features a descriptive scene where Bruno (the protagonist) encounters a fence, which holds many Jews captive; this event takes you on a journey where you can experience the border that divides us and how we may deal with that border - as Bruno faces. John BoyneRead MoreThe Striped Pajamas By John Boyne2334 Words   |  10 Pageswere killed outside of battle. After his murder of over six million Jews, Adolf Hitler became regarded as one of the most hated and evil people in the world, and still is today. The Boy in the Striped Pajamas is a novel based on this time period. Written in 2006 by an Irish author named John Boyne, it is about a boy named Bruno who is nine years old growing up in Germany during the second World War. Even though it is written by an Irish author and not a German one, it is well-known for depictingRead MoreA Paradox Of Innocence : An Essay3669 Words   |  15 Pagesof Innocence: An Analysis of The Boy in the Striped Pajamas Introduction As a child, we are focused on the small aspects of life. We worry about eating ice cream on a hot summer day or when we will get the opportunity to go out on a cold snowy day and go sled riding with our friends and drink hot chocolate. We are fully focused on such basic childlike desires that we are completely unaware of serious events happening around us or in this case right next-door. As a nine-year-old boy, Bruno has no idea

Analysing the Portrayal of Eddie Carbone as a Tragic Hero...

Analysing the Portrayal of Eddie Carbone as a Tragic Hero A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller is a dramatically tense tragedy that presents the story of the downfall of an ordinary man. The play examines the tragic consequences of Eddie Carbones inability to understand himself and his actions. This predominantly takes the form of his prejudice towards his cousin and his inappropriate attraction to his niece. It is set in the 1950s and was written while Miller had become interested in the lives and work of Brooklyns dockworkers and longshoremen. Miller uses the character of Eddie to express his viewpoint that the tragedy of the ruined life of an ordinary workingman is just as significant a subject for tragedy as that of†¦show more content†¦Eddie suffers after he decides to call the Immigration Bureau to report Marco and Rodolpho as a result of his reckless stubborn determination to get what he wants combined with his fatal flaw of always making the wrong decisions. This choice resulted in Marco killing Eddie while Marco was on probation. The involvement of innocent people in this tragedy allows the audience to identify with the characters and feel pity and fear because of their unnecessary suffering. When the audience relate to the characters of a play, they are forced to feel the tension being created by them. At the beginning of the play, Alfieri is introduced to the audience. Miller uses Alfieris role as the local lawyer to give him an omniscient overview of the characters and action of the play. During the prologue, we are warned that A View from the Bridge has a tragic end by the way Alfieri speaks about lawyers being seen in connexion with disasters. He tells us about how the neighbourhood thinks of him as unlucky. This is the audiences first suggestion that the play may be a tragedy. Alfieri narrates the play like the traditional Greek chorus would narrate a Greek tragedy. Miller has modernised this convention by making Alfieri talk directly to the audience in a way a lawyer would speak to a jury. While the other characters speak with a colloquial tone, using words such as lemme, yiz and aint, Alfieri converses

Swot Analysis of Indian Economy Free Essays

The economy of India is as diverse as it is large, with a number of major sectors including manufacturing industries, agriculture, textiles and handicrafts, and services. Agriculture is a major component of the Indian economy, as over 66% of the Indian population earns its livelihood from this area. However, the service sector is greatly expanding and has started to assume an increasingly important role. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis of Indian Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The fact that the English speaking population in India is growing by the day means that India has become a hub of outsourcing activities for some of the major economies of the world including the United Kingdom and the United States. Outsourcing to India has been primarily in the areas of technical support and customer services. In general, the Indian economy is controlled by the government, and there remains a great disparity between the rich and the poor. Ranked by the exchange rate of the United States Dollar, the Indian economy is the twelfth largest in the world. In Purchasing Power Parity GDP, the figure for India was 1. 5 trillion US Dollars in 2008. The per capita income of India is 4,542 US Dollars in the context of Purchasing Power Parity. This is primarily due to the 1. billion population of India, the second largest in the world after China. In nominal terms, the figure comes down to 1,089 US Dollars, based on 2007 figures. According to the World Bank, India is classed as a low-income economy. Recent trends have seen India exporting the services of a numerous information technology (IT) professionals. IT professionals have been sought for their expertise in software, software engineering and other fin ancial services. This has been possible as a result of the high skill levels of Indian IT professionals. Other areas where India is expected to make progress include manufacturing, construction of ships, pharmaceuticals, aviation, biotechnology, tourism, nanotechnology, retailing and telecommunications. Growth rates in these sectors are expected to increase dramatically. Over the years the Indian government has taken an economic approach that has been influenced, in part, by the Socialist movements. The Indian national government has maintained a high and authoritative level of control over certain areas of the Indian economy like the participation of the private sector, foreign direct investment, and foreign trade. It may be observed that in spite of the tremendous debate about the justification of the privatization of industries traditionally owned by the government, the process of privatization has still continued at a steady pace. One of the major challenges before the Indian economy, or those who are responsible for operating it, is to remove the economic inequalities that are still persistent in India after its independence in 1947. Poverty is still one of the major issues although these levels have dropped significantly in recent years. As per official surveys, it has been observed that in the 2004, almost 27% of the working Indian populace was living below the poverty line. Poverty is a challenge that’s becoming increasingly important in relationship to the alarming rate of new births. This implies that ever more rapid change, or birth control policies like the ‘One Child’ policy in China, are needed to reduce the numbers affected by poverty in the vast Indian economy. How to cite Swot Analysis of Indian Economy, Essay examples Swot Analysis of Indian Economy Free Essays SWOT Analysis of various sectors of Indian Economy. The India economy, which is the 9th largest in the world in terms of nominal GDP, can be broadly classified into three sectors: 1) Primary Sector or Agriculture Sector, which contributes about 15% to the GDP and employs around 57% of the total workforce. 2) Secondary Sector or Industry sector, which contributes about 28% to the DP and employs around 14% of the workforce. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis of Indian Economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3) Tertiary Sector or Service Sector, which contributes the maximum of 57% to the GDP and employs around 29% of the workforce. SWOT analysis of Agriculture Sector: Strengths : – * The favourable Climate and terrain of the Indian sub-continent makes it suitable for producing a variety of crops. * As it employs majority of population, it enjoys a competitive labour force. * The agriculture sector in India is competitive and hence evolving, produces a large variety of crops, and enjoys a well demanded market as Indians prefer fresh farm produce over the processed food items. Weaknesses:- * As the majority of workforce is uneducated, they are not able to make the most out of the government policies. Moreover, though the government spends enough over the agricultural reforms, but due to the low level of execution on their part, it does not produce the desired results. * Due to the lack of proper storage facilities and road connectivity of the farms with the respective market, around 60% of the fresh farm produce like vegetables, fruits etc get wasted. * Since only 40% of the land under cultivation gets irrigated through canals, tube wells etc. , the farmers depend heavily upon the annual monsoons. Opportunities:- A growing population, availability of modern agricultural techniques, easy availability of banking finance, variety of pest resistance crops, coming up of retail chains and various government schemes and policies, would make both the demand and the production go up. * Rise in demand of pulses and grains in the Asian economies, and the production of fuels like ethanol from grains, provide more market opportunities. Threats:- * More and more of the agricultural land is bei ng taken up to meet with the demands of the housing and industrial sector, thereby reducing land under cultivation. With the increase in the purchasing power of the Indians, the packaged food industry is gaining importance in the Indian market, especially in the cities and among the youth. * Some of the government policies like MGNREGA, is diverting the farm labour to other employment avenues, which could affect the agriculture adversely as it depends heavily on manual labour. * Stiff competition from the international markets, if India opens up the trade barriers in the agriculture sector. SWOT analysis of Industrial Sector: Strengths:- With over half a billion population in the age group of 25-60 years, the industrial sector enjoys a competitive labour market. * Availability of natural resources, skilled and cheap manpower, liberal national policies provide the environment for industries to thrive. Weaknesses:- * Due to India being a democratic country and a mixed economy, the ind ustry has to adhere too many of the protectionist policies of the government, which affects the industry adversely. * The complex labour laws and other political barriers, prevents the industries to work at the best of their efficiency, thus effecting productivity. Opportunities:- * With the rise in the incomes of the Indians, especially the Indian middle class, promises a lucrative domestic market for all the industries. * With the slowdown of the European American economies, Indian companies should towards the African countries like Ghana, Kenya etc. which are growing at a rate of 7-8%. Threats:- * Stiff competition from developing economies like China, Bangladesh, Indonesia because of lower cost of production. * Delay in policy decisions by Indian policy makers, corruption charges and scandals, hindering the ease to do business. Protectionist policies adopted by various European countries and America to safeguard their own interests. SWOT analysis of Service Sector: Strengths:- * With 64% of the Indian population being educated, the service industry has a large talent poll to work with. * Due to large and skilled work force, the labour market becomes competitive, providing cheap labour. * The Robust Banking and Financial system and regulati ons, provide stability not only to banking sector but also to the entire economy. Weaknesses:- Too much dependence on America and European economies for business. * The Indigenous base of the IT industry is not sufficiently developed to sustain software export. Opportunities:- * With the Increased computerization in various public and government organization, the Indian IT industry has ready-made domestic market. Threats:- * Stiff competition from developing economies like China, Bangladesh, Indonesia because of lower labour. * Due to the economic slowdown, countries like America are adopting policies to prohibit outsourcing, which will affect the IT industry. How to cite Swot Analysis of Indian Economy, Papers

LukeS Significance In The Scriptures Essays -

LukeS Significance In The Scriptures Kevin Kearney November 4, 2001 Core Humanities Paper Assignment #8 Lukes Significance in the Scriptures If I were lucky enough to lecture students on Lukes Gospel, simply discussing the factual aspect of his writings would not do him, nor Jesus, any justice. Along with it being a great depiction of Jesus life from his conception until his resurrection, Lukes Gospel teaches lessons Jesus used through His teachings to better educate His followers of what it takes to eventually be a part of Gods kingdom. Such information would be seemingly too broad to understand within the confines of a book, however Luke masterfully combines all of these facts into one story with numerous lessons, leaving it as a difficult task for an educator to select which aspects of it to cover. The third Gospel, written by Luke, presents The Son of Man through a human form as Jesus. Jesus life on Earth could be broken down into three parts: Jesus birth, Jesus preaching, and Jesus death and resurrection. These three aspects of His life are the vocal points for what modern day Theologians seem to focus on in their own teaching, so it would be nonsensical for me to refrain from using them within my own. It must also be acknowledged that much of what Jesus endured through His lifetime teaches a point so after discussing the actual happenings of a particular event, it is necessary to discuss its intentions for us. Concerning Jesus birth, I would teach students how His birth had both simil- rities and differences to our own. Mary went through pregnancy carrying a fetus for nine Kearney 2 months, as women always have, though she was never actually impregnated. The Angel Gabriel visited Mary to bear some unexpected news, telling her that, you have found favor with God. Behold, you will conceive in your womb and bear a son (CSB 99). Mary was a virgin, although God gave her the power to conceive a child. This amazing occurrence was only the beginning of what would become a storied lifetime of miracles, teachings, and Jesus notoriety in the world. Students should be exposed to the chronological developments in Jesus life and preaching. At the age of twelve, Jesus was found by His parents in the synagogue sermonizing about Gods realm to all of the priests. Years later, Jesus was baptized by John, with a voice coming from the heaven saying, You are my beloved Son; with you I am well pleased (CSB 104). One must understand that at this point, Jesus is ready to go into His ministry in Galilee. Jesus began to spread His Fathers message, as well as heal the sick; Just His touch would be enough to cure even the most fatal disease. Jesus would then gather twelve men whom wished to follow Him, labeled The Disciples. Jesus would go on to attract huge crowds of people wishing to listen to Him speak. Often times, He would do so in parables, or a story with a moral, to emphasize a certain point pertaining to God. As His popularity among the common person started to grow, so did the councils hatred for Him as they felt threatened by Jesus powers. Jesus knew His capture was in His future, so He had planned a final feast with His Disciples. Jesus said, I have eagerly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer, for I tell you I shall not eat it again until there is fulfillment in the King of God (CSB 139). Jesus also goes on to say that two of the Disciples would betray Him. Sure enough, Peter would deny Kearney 3 even knowing Jesus to avoid imprisonment, and Judas betrayal for some money led Jesus to getting caught while praying in the garden. As defiant as these two are to Jesus, He still forgives them. Jesus is eventually taken before Pilate to await a sentencing. Pilate finds Jesus to be innocent, but the crowds negative feelings for Him are so strong that Pilate has to sentence Jesus to death. Put through torture, Jesus is ultimately hung on a cross left for death, speaking his last word, Father, into your hands I commenced my spirit (CSB 143). After the fact of

Russian Art Architecture.

Russian Art Architecture. Russian Art ArchitectureFrom icons and onion domes to suprematism and the Stalin baroque, Russian art and architecture seems to many visitors to Russia to be a rather baffling array of exotic forms and alien sensibilities. Without any sense of the rich tradition of Russian culture, an appreciation of the country's enormous artistic wealth becomes a game of historical anecdote"the church where so-and-so took refuge from what's-his-name"or a meaningless collection of aesthetic baubles"I like the blue domes the best." In fact, Russian art and architecture are not nearly so difficult to understand as many people think, and knowing even a little bit about why they look the way they do and what they mean brings to life the culture and personality of the entire country.IconsThe tradition of icon painting was inherited by the Russians from Byzantium, where it began as an offshoot of the mosaic and fresco tradition of early Byzantine churches.SPAR Krasnoyarsk, Russia - Nov 2012During the 8th and 9th centuries, the iconoclasm controversy in the Orthodox church called into question whether religious images were a legitimate practice or sacrilegious idolatry. Although the use of images wasn't banned, it did prompt a thorough appreciation of the difference between art intended to depict reality and art designed for spiritual contemplation. That difference is one of the reasons that the artistic style of icons can seem so invariant. Certain kinds of balance and harmony became established as reflections of divinity, and as such they invited careful reproduction and subtle refinement rather than striking novelty. Although this philosophy resulted in a comparatively slow evolution of style, icon painting evolved considerably over the centuries. During the 14th century in particular, icon painting in Russia took on a much greater degree of subjectivity and personal expression. The most notable figure in this change was Andrey...

Celebrities Who Speak Spanish as a Second Language

Celebrities Who Speak Spanish as a Second Language If youre learning Spanish, youre in the company of celebrities. Although there are plenty of famous folks who grew up with Spanish as a first language and have crossed over into English-language celebrityhood, there are some celebs who had to learn Spanish like the rest of us. Here are some you may recognize, although not all of them claim to be fluent: Actors Ben Affleck and his younger brother Casey Affleck learned Spanish while living in Mexico and during film stints in that country. Poet Maya Angelou (1928-2014) traveled extensively during her adult life. According to her official website, Angelou voraciously read and studied and was able to master French, Italian, Spanish, Arabic and Fanti (a language of western Africa). Baseball manager Dusty Baker speaks Spanish fluently. According to SportingNews, he learned the language in high school classes because his mother made him. Early in his baseball career, I was the only (American) guy on the team talking to the pretty little girls, he told SportingNews. Im 19 years old. I didnt have any clue how beneficial it was going to be later on in my life. Among those his language abilities inspired was first baseman Joey Votto, who said in a 2012 interview that he studies Spanish daily and even hired a tutor so he could communicate better with Latin American players. Having grown up in Canada, he also speaks French. Soccer superstar David Beckham learned Spanish while playing for Real Madrid. Italian actress Monica Bellucci has appeared in at least one Spanish-language movie, 1998s A los que aman. (IMDb) German-born Pope Benedict XVI, who like many of his predecessors was  multilingual, routinely addressed Spanish-speaking audiences in their native tongue. Rocker Jon Bon Jovi has recorded a few of his songs in Spanish, including Cama de rosas (Bed of Roses). (Bonjovi.com) Actress Kate Bosworth speaks Spanish fluently. (IMDb biography) When he was president of the U.S., George W. Bush would occasionally answer questions in Spanish from news reporters. He appeared to understand the spoken language much better than he could speak it. His brother, former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, however, speaks Spanish quite well. When he was president of the United States, Jimmy Carter, who studied Spanish at the U.S. Naval Academy, would often speak Spanish at conferences in Latin American countries. But in situations where the nuances of words mattered, he insisted on the use of professional translators. (2012 interview with the Council of Foreign Relations.) Although he married an Argentine woman, actor Matt Damon spoke Spanish long before he met her. He said in a 2012 interview with The Guardian that he studied Spanish through immersion in Mexico as a teenager and later backpacked throughout Mexico and Guatemala. American actor Danny DeVito, who voiced the title role in the 2012 animated film The Lorax, also provided the voice for the Spanish and Latin American versions. (ABC.es) Young actress Dakota Fanning had a Spanish-speaking role in the 2004 film Man on Fire. (IMDb) Although he didnt speak Spanish before signing on, actor and comedian Will Ferrell starred in the 2012 Spanish-language film Casa de mi padre. Australian movie heartthrob Chris Hemsworth has picked up a smattering of Spanish from his wife, Spanish actress Elsa Pataky.   British actor Tom Hiddleston is known for his his attempts at speaking native languages when talking to his foreign fans, and he has been known to speak French, Spanish, Greek, and Italian along with bits of Korean and Chinese, among others. (Bustle.com) Actor Matthew McConaughey picked up Spanish while growing up in Uvalde, Texas, which has a large Spanish-speaking population. (Perezhilton.com) American actress Gwyneth Paltrow spent the summer of her sophomore year in high school as a foreign exchange student in Talavera de la Reina, Spain. She continues to regularly visit the town and her host family. (People) Rocker David Lee Roth recorded a Spanish version of his 1986 album  Eat Em and Smile, calling it Sonrisa Salvaje (meaning Wild Smile). Actor Will Smith spoke a limited amount of Spanish during a 2009 interview on the Spanish TV show El Hormiguero. At one point he exclaimed,  ¡Necesito ms palabras! (I need more words!) (YouTube) Actor and singer David Soul learned Spanish while attending college in Mexico City. He also can speak German.

Emergency Planning and Security Preparedness Essay

Emergency Planning and Security Preparedness - Essay Example Importantly, homeland security seeks to reduce the vulnerability or the risk of exposure of United States’ citizens to terrorism and other criminal acts. In addition, homeland security has been instrumental in minimizing the losses or damages that may occur due to terrorism and other criminal acts (Coppola, 2008). This paper explores the impacts of technology and the emphasis of homeland security on security planning. In addition, the paper explores the changes realized in the emergency security protocol in the wake of increased security threats to the U.S. Effects of the Emphasis on Homeland Security on Security Planning The United States Department of Homeland Security was formed in 2003 following the reorganization of about 187 U.S agencies including the United States National Guard, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, the United States Secret Service, and the Transportation Security Administration among others (Coppola, 20 08). Homeland security, through the concerted efforts of all the agencies involved, has been quite successful at detecting and preventing terrorist attacks within the national boarders of the U.S. The elaborate security planning that has been occasioned by the interconnectivity and the cooperation among the agencies has further played a crucial role in fostering national security. Security planning has particularly been improved as a result of the enhanced preparedness, response, and recovery, which are the hallmarks of the Department of Homeland Security. In addition, the availability of funds for the Department of Homeland Security’s use in the planning and execution of its strategies and policies has prompted the effective, appropriate and necessary security planning. Homeland security has thus improved planning with regard to emergency preparedness and response planning (medical, emergency management, and police responses) (Sauter & Carafano, 2005). The planning of both i nternational and domestic intelligence and security operations have been done more promptly, more so by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The other aspects of national security planning that have benefitted due to the emphasis laid on Homeland Security include border security, transportation security, bio-defense, research, and detection of radioactive and radiological materials. Unfortunately, a lot of criticism has targeted Homeland Security, particularly about international laws. Thus, there have been conflicts between the United States and international bodies that are signatory to the Geneva Convention, whose provisions some of the status created by the Homeland drive have contravened (Sauter & Carafano, 2005). For instance, certain Homeland Security statuses have been found not to entirely conform to the conditions of the Geneva Convention. The importance of Homeland Security to national security thus emphasizes the need to further integrate domestic, foreign, and mil itary policies touching on national security, an integration that would promote the collaboration of military services, security departments and agencies of the Government in the handling of security matters (Sauter & Carafan

Benefits of Privatization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Benefits of Privatization - Essay Example Privatization has been experienced by various organizations throughout the world over a long period of time. Various organizations that were owned and controlled by the government sector have been privatized due to the several benefits associated with privatization. One of the main reason due to which government’s tend to choose to privatize a previously state owned business is the failure of the government to operate the business in a an effective and efficient manner. This is mainly because government’s end up operating the business for the interest of politicians that are ruling the government and not working in the favor of the public of particular nation. This writing will focus on the various benefits that have experienced by organization due to privatization while debating the other side of the coin. Body Benefits of Privatization There have been various theories that favor privatization and there have been various practical incidences when privatization has resu lted in huge benefits to organizations and even nations. Privatization is pursued by organizations because the public sector has failed to operate in a profitable manner and the management of public organizations has not done their job in a proper manner. Governments themselves favor privatization and this happens as a result of the increased burdens experienced by government because of state ownership of organizations. When organizations are controlled by the government, governments tend to provide goods and services to the public in shape of subsidies, the management of such organizations work for the benefit of the overall population rather than meeting the demands of individual groups due to which organizations fail to meet the demands of the public and the unions in state owned organizations exercised higher amount of power than unions of organizations that are controlled by the private sector. Due to failure of the government sector to address the needs and wants of the indivi dual groups, individuals experienced dissatisfaction. According to surveys conducted by Donahue, in the region of United States organizations have experienced lower operating cost when they were privatized as compared to the period when they were under the control of the government (Holzer 88). Another reason due to which organizations become privatized is that governments do not operate with the main aim of maximizing profits for the organization and the shareholders of the organization. There tends to be ample amount of changes in the governance of organizations due to which these organizations become inefficient. Lastly, the pressure on governments is low as they do not have to worry about the bankruptcy of the organization as these organizations are never allowed to fail and they are financed by the tax money. Another reason due to which organizations are privatized is because this process helps the government in increasing their revenue. When organizations are owned by the publ ic sector, organizations do not pay taxes and become a burden on the tax payers to continue operating as they even do not work to attain profits. When organizations are privatized, they are obliged by the regulations to pay taxes on the profits they make and the profits they earn are used to fund the operations of the organization. Due to increase in the amount of taxes obtained through private enterprises, government is able to decrease its budget deficit as they do not need to obtain loan for operating the nation and they operate the nations with the revenue earned

Reducing Carbon Emissions in Construction and Housing

Reducing Carbon Emissions in Construction and Housing Introduction In recent times new buildings have been the main focus in terms of improving energy efficiency in the construction industry. This agenda has been led by the introduction of minimum energy performance standards in Part L of the buildings regulations back in 2006. In recent times the code for sustainable homes has already set the target of net zero carbon emissions by 2016 for all new domestic buildings. Recent Part L amendments are geared towards ensuring the target is met. The proposal for 2010 is for a saving of 25% in CO2 emissions per year compared with 2006 levels. (Rabin, 2009) These challenging standards proposed for the building regulations in regards to new builds means that the industrys attention will continue to focus heavily on new buildings. However, new buildings only account for 1-2% of the total building stock each year, meaning that, if the government is to get close to its target of cutting carbon 80% by 2050, (Summers, 2008) significant CO2 reductions will need to come from existing buildings. 87% of the homes that will be standing in 2050 are already built, (DCLG, 2008) which is why government, industry and home owners are all looking into the benefits of refurbishing the existing housing stock. Aims The main aims of the research project are to: Investigate how existing housing can be upgraded to reduce carbon emissions Investigate whether eco-refurbishment is cost-effective in terms of both monetary costs and Co2 emission reduction. Objectives The main objectives of the research project are: To introduce the concept of eco-refurbishment To explain why upgrading an existing housing stock is necessary To investigate options for fabric service upgrades. Existing housing stock Carbon emissions output The code for sustainable homes is pushing forward in terms of the new build sector and the aim of zero carbon construction by 2016. The focus on the new build sector overshadows the existing housing stock despite it having an even bigger role to play in terms of reducing Co2 Emissions. Current predictions estimate that in 2050, the existing (pre-2006) housing stock will still make up two thirds of the UKs housing. This stock is typically poorly performing when measured by todays heightened energy efficiency standards, and hence it is essential that measures are taken to reduce its associated carbon emissions. (Greenbang, 2009) Each household in the UK creates around five and a half tonnes of carbon dioxide a year. Thats five and a half times the weight of the rubbish a household throws away in a year. Its also nearly double the carbon dioxide emissions that the average car produces in a year. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d)) Options for fabric upgrade Priorities From the outset consideration must be taken as to which measures are cost effective in terms of both monetary cost and Co2 emission reduction. The options for fabric upgrade can be split into ten specific groups- Walls Most post -1930 homes have cavity walls and still the majority in the UK do not have the benefit of cavity-fill insulation. (Smith, 2004) Immediate increases in comfort, as well as lower energy bills could be met if this deficiency was to be rectified. Roofs Poorly insulated roofs offer rising heat the ideal escape route. Floors The British climate causes floors to be a particular drain in terms of heat lost. Windows Double Glazing has gained a hold on the housing sector, not least because of the assertive marketing tactics of some double glazing companies. In part, this is because it is perceived as a fashion accessory to a home. (Smith, 2004) High performance double glazing which uses low emissive glass is now required by the building regulations. Doors Double glazed doors can now be manufactured in a similar fashion to double glazed windows. Space heating and hot water A number of central heating systems remain in use within the UK which are well below current best practice. Air tightness straightforward draught-proofing can have a benefit out of all proportion to its cost. However, if the draught sealing has been carried out really effectively, it may be necessary to provide fan-assisted ventilation. (Smith, 2004) Ventilation Controlled ventilation is necessary to provide a healthy internal environment. Lighting and Appliances Appliances and white goods are often major energy drains, especially fridges and freezes. (Smith, 2004) When replacing appliances it is vital the appliance carries an energy saving recommended certificate mark Renewable and low carbon technologies Renewable technologies can offer additional reductions in environmental impact. The energy saving trust Best practice in refurbishment The energy saving trust produced a report in which a refurbishment standard was designed to give optimum balance of environmental performance and practicality. Using the best practice specification ensures that refurbishment work is carried out to the highest practical standard, and the maximum cost and carbon savings are realised for residents, and the environment. (The Energy Savings Trust, 2008) Table : Summary of Energy Saving Trust best practice in refurbishment standard Areas of Improvement Walls Where possible, walls should be insulated to achieve a maximum U-value of 0.30W/m ²K. Roofs For best practice, aim for a U-value of 0.16 W/m ²K when installing insulation between the joists or rafters. Flat roofs should be insulated to achieve a U-value of 0.25 W/m ²K or better. Floors Exposed floors should be insulated to achieve a maximum U value of 0.20-0.25 W/m ²K. Windows Replacement windows should have a BFRC rating in band C or above. Any retained windows should be draught-stripped. Doors Replacement doors should have a maximum U-value of 1.0 W/m ²K if solid, or 1.5 W/m ²K if half-glazed. All existing doors should be draught-stripped Space heating and hot water Domestic wet central heating systems and hot water should be installed to meet central heating system specification (CHeSS Year 2008 standard HR6 or HC6. Where electricity is the only option, the recommendation contained within Domestic heating by electricity should be followed Air tightness Air leakage paths can be identified using a pressure test and removed by undertaking remedial sealing. The best practice recommendation is to aim for an air permeability of 5m ³/(hm ²) at 50Pa. Ventilation A purpose-provided ventilation system should be installed. Lighting and appliances When re-wiring dedicated lamp fittings should be installed which accept only low-energy bulbs. Ideally greater than 75% of all fixed luminaries should be dedicated low energy fittings. Low energy appliances should be specified which carry energy saving recommended certification mark. Renewable and low carbon technologies After all basic energy efficiency improvements have been undertaken the specification of renewable technologies, such as solar hot water heating or photovoltaics, is encouraged where appropriate to further reduce environmental impact. Source: Figures taken from Roadmap to 60%: Eco-refubishment P.8 The Building Fabric Insulation Assumptions The costs and paybacks shown in tables under each area of potential fabric upgrade are approximations made by the energy saving trust; they are based on a gas heated semi-detached house with 3 bedrooms. A gas price of 3.80p/kWh has been used in their calculations. External Walls To reduce the amount of heat lost through external walls, the installation of insulation is required. Three common methods are traditionally used, the most cost effective being cavity wall insulation. Alternative methods include external wall insulation, or internal insulated dry-lining, these are generally used if the wall has no cavity. Cavity Wall Insulation Typically all masonry cavity walls built since the 1930s are suitable for the installation of insulation. Polystyrene beads or mineral fibre with a U-value of 0.30W/m ²K are blown in the wall cavity through a hole. It is recommended that installation be undertaken by an approved company using an approved system under the British Board of Agreement (BBA). Internal Wall Insulation When either a cavity wall or solid masonry wall are un-suitable for cavity insulation then internal wall insulation can be a cost effect solution. This is most cost effective when the existing plaster is being renewed. The wall should be insulated to achieve a maximum U-value of 0.30W/m ²K. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d)) External Wall Insulation External wall insulation offers an alternative method of insulating a masonry wall. The installation and design is a specialist job, and advice should be sought from an approved company. External wall insulation is the most expensive of the three methods (Smith, 2004) but can be cost effective when other works are being carried out. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) Pitched Roofs Typically insulation is fitted between ceiling joists and rafters, covering the ceiling area. Any pipes which run through the loft space need be insulated as best possible. The insulation must be at least 250mm thick and have a U-value of 0.16 W/m ²K. Two layers of insulation is preferred, one between joists and one across the top. Loft Ventilation is required to maintain air flow. Flat Roofs For best practice insulation should be placed above the structure as part of the roof finish, referred to as a warm deck. If this is not possible the insulation may be fitted within the roof structure, often referred to as a cold deck. To keep costs low it is recommended to replace the insulation in roofs when the covering requires replacing. A rigid board material of 100mm thickness should be used; a U-value of 0.25 W/m ²K or better is required. Ground Floor Heat is typically lost through the ground floor; the amount lost is dependent on the shape and size of the flooring area. It is best to insulate a ground floor whilst works are being carried out. The floor should be insulated to a U-value of 0.20-0.25 W/m ²K. Intermediate Floors Intermediate floors allow for rooms over an un-heated space, such as a garage or storage room to be insulated. Where there is access from below this can be cost effective. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) Mineral fibre insulation should be used to achieve a U-value of 0.20-0.25 W/m ²K. Windows Traditional windows are usually single glazed without draught proofing and by todays standards offer a poor standard of energy efficiency. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) Switching to double glazed windows offers many benefits. Double glazed windows consist of two specially made glass panels with a space in between them; a gas such as argon is generally filled in this cavity as a form of insulation. They also often have a UV coating, which can be customised to the British climate. In many instances when frames are worn out and need replacing cost effective energy efficiency improvements can be made. External Doors Double glazed doors as well as windows are now a common sighting throughout the UK. They offer a much better standard of thermal insulation in comparison to that of a solid timber door. Glazing units in doors can be made to the same standards as windows. (City of Westminister Council, (n/d)) And as such should be replaced when frames are worn out. Draught Proofing and Ventilation A ventilation and airtightness strategy should be part of any refurbishment works. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) The main objective of draught proofing and ventilating is to provide a balance between energy efficiency and the indoor air quality. Air leakage is the infiltration of air via unwanted gaps and cracks in the building envelope. Too much air leakage leads to heat loss as well as discomfort from cold draughts. As thermal insulation standards improve the proportion of total heat lost via infiltration increases significantly. Ventilation of the dwelling is desirable and necessary to remove moisture and other pollutants from the air. Airtightness The potential to improve airtightness of a dwelling will depend on the nature of the existing building and the type of works being undertaken. It is therefore difficult to set absolute targets but the best practice recommendation is to aim for an air permeability of 5m3/(h.m2) @ 50Pa. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) Some simple measures can be taken to improve the airtightness. Draught proofing around windows, door; sealing around service pipes which pass thorough floors, walls and roofs; block up unused chimneys, but include ventilation to the room by means of a ventilator. Ventilation Purpose-provided ventilation (e.g. ventilators and windows) and extract fans are required to replace stale indoor air with fresh outdoor air. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) Adequate ventilation is needed for both the comfort and the safety of occupants, as it removes or dilutes pollutants that accumulate in the dwelling. Once the dwelling is sufficiently airtight, controlled ventilation can be installed. One of the more beneficial ventilation systems is the single room heat recovery ventilator. This is a development of the extract fan which incorporates a heat exchanger. It recovers 60 per cent or more of the heat in the outgoing air. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) This can then be used to preheat incoming air. Options for Service Upgrade Domestic Heating Hot Water By upgrading predated boilers a significant reduction in energy consumption can be achieved. Furthermore it is very cost effective. If the house has been insulated prior to the replacement or installation of the energy efficient boiler further improvement in the energy efficiency of the house can be felt. The followings points need to be considered when choosing an energy efficient domestic heating system The system is correctly sized to warm up the dwelling from cold taking account of heat gains from the sun, people, lights and appliances It uses fuel as efficiently as possible Provides heating and hot water only when required and where needed Have controls that are easy to use and understandable. The installation of an energy efficient boiler such as a condensing boiler will reduce running and costs and will in most cases add value to a property. The energy performance standard for new and replacement boilers was raised in England and Wales in April 2005, Northern Ireland in November 2006 and Scotland in May 2007. When replacing a boiler, a condensing boiler (with a seasonal efficiency of greater than 86 per cent) must now be installed in the majority of cases. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) Heating assumptions Below, savings are shown for the upgrade of a condensing boiler from a G rated boiler to an efficient A rated boiler. These savings are approximations made by the energy saving trust and are based on a gas heated semi-detached house with 3 bedrooms. Savings assume a gas price of 3.80p/kWh. Lighting Electricity for lights and appliances (including cooking) can account for a significant proportion of total energy costs and CO2 emission. Energy demand for lighting can be reduced by: Using energy efficient lamps and luminaries (light fittings). Directing light to where it is needed. Controlling lighting use. Making the most of daylight. Immediate results can be made in the first three areas through basic home improvements. 75% of all fixed luminaries should be dedicated low energy fitting for best practice. The annual savings shown in the table below are based on a home owner changing 3 light bulbs to energy efficient light bulbs a year. Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Energy Efficient Light Bulbs Measure:  Energy-efficient light bulbs Annual saving ( £/yr):  Up to  £30 CO2saving a year:  Around 136kg Source: http://www.reduceyourco2.co.uk/tips.html Appliances Appliances account for a large proportion of total domestic energy use. As energy efficient appliances use less electricity, they are less expensive to run and are responsible for lower CO2 emissions. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) Appliance assumptions The table below shows the energy ratings and savings when upgrading appliances. These savings are approximations made by the energy saving trust, they also assume replacing an average appliance purchased new in 1998 with an Energy Saving Recommended model of similar size and an electricity cost of 12.96p/kWh. Source: http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Energy-saving-assumptions Renewable and low-carbon technologies Several types of renewable technologies can generate electricity for a dwelling, including photovoltaics (PV), wind and micro-CHP. Other renewable or low-carbon technologies can also provide heating and hot water, such as heat pumps, biomass and solar hot water. Solar Water Heating By installing a solar water heater the house can use the suns energy to produce hot water. For a more cost effective approach it is advised to install a solar collector where other heating improvements are already being undertaken. There are two main types of solar water heaters, a flat plate collector or evacuated tube collectors. Both types have liquids in them which collect heat from the sun, this then passes through a coil in a hot water cylinder. These systems are typically only used for water heating, and are rarely used to provide space heating. Solar Water Heaters are amongst the most cost-effective renewable energy systems for existing dwellings. During the summer months, a typical system can supply between 80 and 100 per cent of hot water demand, the percentage being much lower in winter, of course. (The Energy Saving Trust, 2007) Even when it is decided not to include solar water heating, it is worth making properties solar ready, to allow systems to be added later with minimal disruption. Photovoltaics PV panels allow solar energy to be converted into electricity. The panels can generate power to satisfy some of buildings electrical demand even in the northern latitudes, in some cases all of the buildings electrical demand can be met. The PVs are versatile and can be installed in numerous locations, glass roofs and conservatories being one option, a more common option being to install an array of them on a south facing roof. Grants Most of the grants and offers you can benefit from are provided by three main groups. The Government Energy Suppliers Local Authorities The Government A number of schemes are funded by the government, in some cases up to  £3,500 can be given to help people improve their heating and energy efficiency. In England the scheme is known as Warm Front, in Wales it is known as the Home Energy Efficiency Scheme. The eligibility criteria for the schemes differ between both countries, some schemes you need to be in receipt of certain benefits, whilst others are available to anyone over a certain age. Guidance as to the availability of these grants can be found on their websites. Examples of Home Energy Efficiency Scheme eligibility criteria; Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (Grant of up to  £2,000) Householders who either have a child aged under 16 or are pregnant and have been given maternity certificate MAT B1 and are in receipt of one or more of the following benefits: Income Support Working Tax Credit (with income less than  £16,040) Council Tax Benefit Child Tax Credit (with income less than  £16,040) Housing Benefit Income-based Jobseekers Allowance Income-related Employment and Support Allowance Source: http://www.heeswales.co.uk/do-i-qualify.htm The following websites offer further examples and information regarding eligibility criteria. Warm Front grant (England) http://www.warmfront.co.uk/do-i-qualify.htm Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (Wales) http://www.heeswales.co.uk/do-i-qualify.htm Energy Suppliers The Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT) came into effect in April 2008, obliging electricity and gas suppliers in Great Britain to help reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from homes. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d)) This means energy suppliers with a certain number of customers operating in Great Britain are obliged to achieve targets for improving home energy efficiency. The suppliers therefore provide a range of offers which significantly reduce the cost of installing energy efficiency measures. Local authorities Most Local authorities provide grants and offers for local residents to install certain energy efficiency measures in their home. (Energy Saving Trust, (n/d)) Case Study There are a number of case studies which show the benefits and tribulations of eco-refurbishment, one of particular interest is describe below. Nottingham Eco-home Architect Gil Shalom and his wife Penney Poyzer set out the task of refurbishing their Victorian home whilst reducing emissions by 85%. As well as reducing emissions by 85% they hoped to use only low impact materials. In the process they hoped to demonstrate how green design can appeal to a wider audience and be an aspiration lifestyle choice. (Sustainable Development Commission, (N/D)) Overview A typical 5-bedroom semi detached Victorian house that was refurbished over a six year period in a low energy and ecological way. Dating from around 1898, it was in a very run-down state and has been thoroughly upgraded by the owners, to provide a good example of eco retrofit. It is a demonstration of a variety of eco-friendly features including super-insulation, solar hot water and wood burning boiler, rainwater harvesting and waste composting systems. (Sustainable Development Commission, (N/D)) The project set out specific priorities to aim for during the refurbishment, they were to: Upgrade thermal performance through insulation, heat recovery ventilation and air tightness and thermal mass improvement Be as autonomous as possible in energy, water, sewage treatment and food Experiment with different low-impact materials It was estimated that an overall energy saving of 85% in terms of Co2 and 75% in terns if costs was made. This was a direct result of the refurbishment work which took place. Image 1 shows the areas of the house the refurbishment took place. The list below corresponds to Image1. (Sustainable Development Commission, (N/D)) Flat-Plate solar collectors for heating water Roof insulation 300/400mm thick (shredded newspapers) Roof lights with insulating low-emissivity glass Natural plasters- clay and lime based Super insulated hot water tank 100mm ozone friendly drylining to front face to maintain brick appearance 150mm external wall insulation with rendered finish Space saving bath and thermostatic shower controls Heat recovering fans Environmental-friendly paints Draught lobby triple- and double-glazed timber windows treated with natural fungicides and stains Energy efficient appliances Second hand reclaimed furniture tripped floorboards Copper rainwater goods with filters for rainwater harvesting 160mm natural floor insulation Rainwater storage for use in WCs and washing machine Low-flush toilets Non-PVC waste pipes Composting chamber for solid waste from WCs Separator lets liquids drain off and solids into composting chamber Decking Organic garden utilizing the principles of permaculture Table: Case Study- Energy and costs at the Nottingham Eco-home Research findings and discussion Fabric and Service upgrades In cases considered cavity wall insulation is shown to be highly cost-effective, however the current savings potential from the installation is beginning to tail off. The resultant reduction in Co2 emissions following the installation is a clear indication that the measures taken are cost effective in terms of both monetary cost and Co2 emission reduction. From the outset this was a main priority. Table : Costs and Paybacks for Cavity Wall Insulation issued by the Energy savings trust illustrates these potential savings. Although cavity wall insulation is reaching saturation point in terms of potential savings and cost-effectiveness, its counterpart solid wall insulation is not likely to reach this point for the next few years, this is a result of slower uptake. There are still significant potential savings to be had. Currently solid wall insulation is barely a cost-effective upgrade unless other work is being carried out. This may be the cause of a slower uptake. Advances in the technology behind solid wall insulation are likely to improve over coming years and the potential savings could be realised quicker as a result. The annual CO2 saving shown in Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Internal Wall Insulation shows significant savings could be made despite not being the most cost effective in terms of monetary cost Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Roof Insulation illustrates that loft insulation is a cost effective way to save energy and reduce domestic carbon emissions. The greatest saving is made when the loft previously had less than 150mm of insulation. If the loft previously had 150mm of insulation or more, the table shows that it is not cost effective to add more. Floor insulation can offer some potential Co2 savings, but is only truly cost effective if the floor is undergoing repair anyway. Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Floor Insulation gives us a figure of two years for the payback time which isnt the most cost effective. Older, less eco-friendly windows are slowly being replaced by low-emissivity double glazing, the potential savings will be realised gradually over the coming years. Currently replacing windows unnecessarily is highly inefficient in terms of cost-effectiveness, this is mainly because of high capital costs. Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks of Installing Double Glazing illustrates the potential reductions in Co2 emissions is significant, despite not being very cost-effective. Draught proofing is one of the more cost-effective fabric upgrades, though the potential Co2 emission savings are fairly low. To gain the most beneficial results from draught proofing, central heating upgrade, as well as glazing upgrade is advised. The full potential of draught proofing is realised when combined with these upgrades. Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Condensing boiler upgrade suggests that the installation of a class A condensing boiler and heating system offers potentially large Co2 emission savings, whilst also being one of the more cost-effective service upgrades a dwelling can undergo. Again the true potential of the installation is only realised when the dwelling receives draught proofing and glazing upgrades. Replacing at least 3 light bulbs with energy efficient bulbs is proven by Table : Annual Savings and Paybacks for Energy Efficient Light Bulbs to be both cost-effective and offer small savings of Co2 Emissions. It is one of the easier service upgrades to achieve. Table : Appliance Energy Ratings and Savings shows upgrading to energy efficient appliances of class A or more is a cost-effective energy measure, significantly cutting down on Co2 emissions, especially if all appliances are replaced. There is potential to save a considerable amount of carbon emissions with the use of solar water heating; as illustrated in Table : Annual Savings for installation of Solar Water Heater. The cost-effectiveness is currently very inefficient though with advancements in technology this may become more cost-effective within a few years. PV offer similar results to solar water heaters, despite offering significant savings in Co2 emissions; they are still not a cost-effective service upgrade. The cost far outweighs the reduction in Co2 emissions. Analysts predict that the cost of PV will fall dramatically over the coming decades, slowly becoming more cost-effective over time. Case Study The case study looked at was the Nottingham Eco-home, an ambitious refurbishment of a Victorian house. The owners set out specific priorities at the start of the project which they were aiming to achieve; Upgrade thermal performance through insulation, heat recovery ventilation and air tightness and thermal mass improvement Be as autonomous as possible in energy, water, sewage treatment and food Experiment with different low-impact materials The case study shows that as ambitious as it was initially, with the correct information and guidance, as well as clear aims objectives, eco-refurbishment offers attainable goals. Table : Case Study- Energy and costs at the Nottingham Eco-home clearly indicates that significant reductions in the energy costs led to savings per year for both money and Co2 emissions. With additional upgrades the table shows that even more improvements are to be had. Although some of the fabric upgrades and service upgrades are slightly out dated by todays standards, the case study shows that cutting Co2 emissions is very achievable, and the benefits of eco-refurbishment should not be overlooked The owners clearly achieved the specific goals they set out initially; an eco-refurbishment was carried out with beneficial results in regards to the cost-effectiveness and savings in Co2 reductions. Summary and Conclusion 87% of the homes that will be standing in 2050 are already built, (DCLG, 2008) There is evidence that the eco-refurbishment of these homes is definitely a viable option, though whether or not they will achieve the proposal for a 80% reduction in Co2 Emissions by 2050 (Summers, 2008) is still unclear. The cost-effectiveness and carbon savings of the fabric and service upgrades looked at varies tremendously. Many Assumptions have to be made when calculating the cost-effectiveness and annual Co2 saving of an upgrade, be it fabric or service. This is partially due to there being so many varieties and options for the upgrades. Technological advancements take place daily, and will have a dramatic impact on many of the upgrades looked at, the cost-effectiveness as well as the potential for carbon savings will rise slowly year by year. There are almost 25 million dwellings throughout the UK, if only half of these were to adopt energy efficient measures, the savings would be highly significant in driving the UKs housing stock emissions down towards the target 80% r

Breaking a Social Norm

In our society we have a number of society norms that we abide by. For example, there is an unwritten rule of how one should behave in an elevator. For example, it is proper to face front, stand away from strangers, and not to look at others. When a social norm is broken people may respond with alarm, humor, fear, irritation, or an array of other emotions. When you think of a norm, you are probably thinking about being normal. But in psychology terms, norm means, a standard or representative value for a group.The norm that is more common to people is a social norm. Meaning expectations about what behavior, thoughts, or feelings are appropriate within a given group within a given context. In society today us as people decide what is normal and abnormal. I surveyed five people and asked them two questions of what they thought was normal and abnormal. The first question was â€Å"Do you think dressing weird out in the public eye is normal†? There response were â€Å"No, because everybody does that anyway. † My next question was, â€Å"Does being rude to an elder normal? There response was â€Å" No, you have to give respect to older people. † Well, I did this survey to get an idea on what people thought of what was normal and what wasn’t. This survey also helped me chose a norm to break. When I broke the norms I actually broke two and didn’t even know it until I was done with my acting. The two social norms that I broke were, wearing pajamas to the movie theatre with my boyfriend and being rude to authority such as elders. When my boyfriend picked me up for the movies, he just looked at me strangely.I know he wanted to ask why did I have on pajamas but he just kept quiet. By the way I did bring a extra pair of clothes with me, so I wouldn’t look like an idiot that whole night. Well anyway, on our way to the movies, my boyfriend just kept staring at me, but mind you he never said a word. When we went to get the tickets I r eceived many looks from people and heard many whispers around me. There was a couple standing behind us and they were saying, â€Å"How could he let his girlfriend come out the house looking like that†?I wanted to turn around and say something but I just kept my cool and said to myself, â€Å"This is only a test Cynthia don’t let them get to you. † Once I finished talking to myself I was relieved and ready to go into the movies. While walking into the movies, I received more looks and heard more whispers coming out of people which really didn’t make sense. All they had to do was just except me for who I was and that I was wearing clothes. After I got tired of the looks and whispers I changed my clothes and walked back in movie theatre.Once again my boyfriend looked at me strangely and said, â€Å" Why did you change†? When I finally broke it down to him that I was doing a project for psychology he started to laugh. His response towards me was, he w as going to love me no matter how I come out the house. I thought that was cute, that let me know that he doesn’t care what people think and that he was always going to be with me no matter how I look. When I broke the norm of how I look, I felt really insecure about myself and I really did care of what people were going to say about me.But I did learn this people are very judgmental on a person that they have no clue about. The other norm that I broke was going against authority. The authority that I went against was my mom during Thanksgiving dinner. When I did this norm, I really felt bad because, me and my mom are so close and I would never had disrespect her the way I did when breaking this norm. My mom had asked me to pass her the cranberry sauce. I responded and said, â€Å"Don’t you have arms to reach for it†. My mom gave me that look like I’m going to get you when we get home.Everybody at the table just stopped eating and looked at me like I was stupid. I just kept eating like nothing ever happened. Once everybody finished their dinner, I had to quickly make an announcement saying, this was just an experiment to see your reactions to my actions of today. Nobody believed me until I showed them the instructions on the computer. Once everybody read it, they said my teacher would get me into a lot of trouble doing projects like this. When I broke this norm, I destroyed the relationship between my mother and the rest of the family that was at the dinner table. Breaking a Social Norm In our society we have a number of society norms that we abide by. For example, there is an unwritten rule of how one should behave in an elevator. For example, it is proper to face front, stand away from strangers, and not to look at others. When a social norm is broken people may respond with alarm, humor, fear, irritation, or an array of other emotions. When you think of a norm, you are probably thinking about being normal. But in psychology terms, norm means, a standard or representative value for a group.The norm that is more common to people is a social norm. Meaning expectations about what behavior, thoughts, or feelings are appropriate within a given group within a given context. In society today us as people decide what is normal and abnormal. I surveyed five people and asked them two questions of what they thought was normal and abnormal. The first question was â€Å"Do you think dressing weird out in the public eye is normal†? There response were â€Å"No, because everybody does that anyway. † My next question was, â€Å"Does being rude to an elder normal? There response was â€Å" No, you have to give respect to older people. † Well, I did this survey to get an idea on what people thought of what was normal and what wasn’t. This survey also helped me chose a norm to break. When I broke the norms I actually broke two and didn’t even know it until I was done with my acting. The two social norms that I broke were, wearing pajamas to the movie theatre with my boyfriend and being rude to authority such as elders. When my boyfriend picked me up for the movies, he just looked at me strangely.I know he wanted to ask why did I have on pajamas but he just kept quiet. By the way I did bring a extra pair of clothes with me, so I wouldn’t look like an idiot that whole night. Well anyway, on our way to the movies, my boyfriend just kept staring at me, but mind you he never said a word. When we went to get the tickets I r eceived many looks from people and heard many whispers around me. There was a couple standing behind us and they were saying, â€Å"How could he let his girlfriend come out the house looking like that†?I wanted to turn around and say something but I just kept my cool and said to myself, â€Å"This is only a test Cynthia don’t let them get to you. † Once I finished talking to myself I was relieved and ready to go into the movies. While walking into the movies, I received more looks and heard more whispers coming out of people which really didn’t make sense. All they had to do was just except me for who I was and that I was wearing clothes. After I got tired of the looks and whispers I changed my clothes and walked back in movie theatre.Once again my boyfriend looked at me strangely and said, â€Å" Why did you change†? When I finally broke it down to him that I was doing a project for psychology he started to laugh. His response towards me was, he w as going to love me no matter how I come out the house. I thought that was cute, that let me know that he doesn’t care what people think and that he was always going to be with me no matter how I look. When I broke the norm of how I look, I felt really insecure about myself and I really did care of what people were going to say about me.But I did learn this people are very judgmental on a person that they have no clue about. The other norm that I broke was going against authority. The authority that I went against was my mom during Thanksgiving dinner. When I did this norm, I really felt bad because, me and my mom are so close and I would never had disrespect her the way I did when breaking this norm. My mom had asked me to pass her the cranberry sauce. I responded and said, â€Å"Don’t you have arms to reach for it†. My mom gave me that look like I’m going to get you when we get home.Everybody at the table just stopped eating and looked at me like I was stupid. I just kept eating like nothing ever happened. Once everybody finished their dinner, I had to quickly make an announcement saying, this was just an experiment to see your reactions to my actions of today. Nobody believed me until I showed them the instructions on the computer. Once everybody read it, they said my teacher would get me into a lot of trouble doing projects like this. When I broke this norm, I destroyed the relationship between my mother and the rest of the family that was at the dinner table.

How to Conjugate the French Verb Cuire (to Cook)

Silk Production and Trade in Medieval Times

Silk was the most luxurious fabric available to medieval Europeans, and it was so costly that only the upper classes—and the Church—could attain it. While its beauty made it a highly-prized status symbol, silk has practical aspects that made it much sought-after (then and now): its lightweight yet strong, resists soil, has excellent dyeing properties and is cool and comfortable in warmer weather. The Lucrative Secret of Silk For millennia, the secret of how silk was made was jealously guarded by the Chinese. Silk was an important part of Chinas economy; entire villages would engage in the production of silk, or sericulture, and they could live off the profits of their labors for much of the year. Some of the luxurious fabric they produced would find its way along the Silk Road to Europe, where only the wealthiest could afford it. Eventually, the secret of silk leaked out of China. By the second century C.E., silk was being produced in India, and a few centuries later, in Japan. By the fifth century, silk production had found its way to the middle east. Still, it remained a mystery in the west, where artisans learned to dye it and weave it, but still didnt know how to make it. By the sixth century, the demand for silk was so strong in the Byzantine Empire that the emperor, Justinian, decided they should be privy to the secret, as well. According to Procopius, Justinian questioned a pair of monks from India who claimed to know the secret of sericulture. They promised the emperor they could acquire silk for him without having to procure it from the Persians, with whom the Byzantines were at war. When pressed, they, at last, shared the secret of how silk was made: worms spun it.1 Moreover, these worms fed primarily on the leaves of the mulberry tree. The worms themselves could not be transported away from India . . . but their eggs could be. As unlikely as the monks explanation may have sounded, Justinian was willing to take a chance. He sponsored them on a return trip to India with the objective of bringing back silkworm eggs. This they did by hiding the eggs in the hollow centers of their bamboo canes. The silkworms born from these eggs were the progenitors of all the silkworms used to produce silk in the west for the next 1,300 years. Medieval European Silk Producers Thanks to Justinians wily monk friends, Byzantines were the first to establish a silk production industry in the medieval west, and they maintained a monopoly on it for several hundred years. They set up silk factories, which were known as gynaecea because the workers were all women. Like serfs, silk workers were bound to these factories by law and could not leave to work or live elsewhere without the permission of the owners. Western Europeans imported silks from Byzantium, but they continued to import them from India and the Far East, as well. Wherever it came from, the fabric was so costly that its use was reserved for the church ceremony and cathedral decorations. The Byzantine monopoly was broken when Muslims, who had conquered Persia and acquired the secret of silk, brought the knowledge to Sicily and Spain; from there, it spread to Italy. In these European regions, workshops were established by local rulers, who retained control over the lucrative industry. Like the gynaecea, they employed mainly women who were bound to the workshops. By the 13th century, European silk was competing successfully with Byzantine products. For most of the Middle Ages, silk production spread no further in Europe, until a few factories were set up in France in the 15th century. Note 1The silkworm isnt really a worm but the pupa of the Bombyx mori moth. Sources Netherton, Robin, and Gale R. Owen-Crocker, Medieval Clothing and Textiles. Boydell Press, 2007, 221 pp. Compare prices Jenkins, D.T., editor, The Cambridge History of Western Textiles , vols. I and II. Cambridge University Press, 2003, 1191 pp. Compare prices Piponnier, Francoise, and Perrine Mane, Dress in the Middle Ages. Yale University Press, 1997, 167 pp. Compare Prices Burns, E. Jane, Sea of silk: a textile geography of womens work in medieval French literature. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2009, 272 pp. Compare Prices Amt, Emilie, Womens lives in medieval Europe: a sourcebook. Routledge, 1992, 360 pp. Compare prices Wigelsworth, Jeffrey R., Science and technology in medieval European life. Greenwood Press, 2006, 200 pp. Compare prices